X$p¡. L¡$s_ Th¡fu

v$v$}_p¡ Mp¡fpL$ A¡_y„ ågX$â¡if h^pfu L¡$ OV$pX$u iL¡$ R>¡. Mp¡fpL$dp„ _uQ¡ S>Zph¡gp a¡fapfp¡ gp„bp kde ky^u (L$pedu) L$fhpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ apev$p¡ \pe R>¡.

(1) Mp¡fpL$dp„ kp¡qX$ed (duWy„-Mpfp¡-kp¡X$p)_p¡ h`fpi OV$pX$p¡ :

duWy„$ A¡V$g¡ fpkperZL$ ×rô$A¡ kp¡qX$ed ¼gp¡fpBX$. Sy>v$p Sy>v$p A_¡L$ v¡$ip¡_u A_¡L$ k„õL©$rsAp¡_p hjp£_p Aæepk `R>u A¡hy„ spfZ _uL$þey„ R>¡ L¡$ Mp¡fpL$dp„ 6 N°pd\u h^pf¡ duWy„$ ågX$â¡ifdp„ 5 rd.du. (15-19 hj®_u Jdf¡)\u dp„X$u_¡ 10 rd.du. (60-69 hj®_u Jdf¡) S>¡V$gp¡ h^pfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. L$l¡hpsp rhL$rks kdpÅ¡dp„ AÞe kdpS> L$fsp„ duW$p_p¡ h`fpi h^y lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ `qfZpd¡ lpC ågX$â¡if_u budpfu_y„ âdpZ M|b h^pf¡ lp¡e R>¡. BÞV$fkp¡ëV$ sfuL¡$ ÅZusp 10,079 ÷u-`yfyjp¡_p 32 v¡$idp„ A¡L$kp\¡ \e¡gp Aæepk\u ÅZhp dþey„ lsy„ L¡$ `psmu ìeq¼sAp¡dp„ duW$p_p¡ h`fpi Ap¡R>p¡ lp¡e A¡hp S|>\dp„ kp¡ ìe[¼sA¡ dpÓ b¡ ìe[¼s_¡ lpC ågX$â¡if_u budpfu \pe R>¡. Äepf¡ `psmu ìe[¼s `Z duW$p_p¡ h^y h`fpi L$f_pfpAp¡_p S|>\dp„ v$f kp¡A¡ bpf ìe[¼s_¡ lpC ågX$â¡if_u budpfu \pe R>¡!

Mp¡fpL$dp„ duW$p_p¡ h`fpi OV$pX$hp\u ågX$â¡if OV¡$ R>¡ A¡hy„ spfZ Ap`_pfp 70\u h^y Aæepkp¡ ApS>qv$_ ky^udp„ âL$pris \ep R>¡. Aphp OZp b^p Aæepkp¡_y„ dlprhïg¡jZ (d¡V$p A¡_prgrkk) spS>¡sfdp„ Ad¡qfL$_ S>_®g Ap¡a [¼gr_L$g ÞeyqV²$i_ (1997:65:643 A¡k)dp„ ârkÙ \ey„ lsy„, S>¡ dyS>b kp¡qX$ed_p h`fpidp„ 75\u 100 rd.du. (4-6 N°pd duWy„$)_p¡ OV$pX$p¡ gp„bp kde ky^u ågX$â¡if OV$pX¡$ R>¡. Ap ågX$â¡if OV$hp_u Akf h©Ùp¡dp„ A_¡ lpC ågX$â¡if_p v$v$}Ap¡dp„ h^y âbm lp¡e R>¡. 45 hj®\u dp¡V$u Jdf_p lpC ågX$â¡if_p v$v$}Ap¡dp„ 17 S>¡V$gp Aæepkp¡_y„ dlprhïg¡jZ (Ådp, 1996,275:1590) S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ duW$p_p h`fpidp„ OV$pX$p¡ L$fhp\u kf¡fpi D`f_y„ ågX$â¡if R> rd.du. A_¡ _uQ¡_y„ ågX$â¡if b¡ rd.du. S>¡V$gy„ OV¡$ R>¡.

Mp¡fpL$dp„ duWy„$ OV$pX$hp\u ku^¡ku^y„ ågX$â¡if OV$hp D`fp„s buÅ `Z L¡$V$gpL$ apev$pAp¡ \pe R>¡- S>¡d L¡$, ågX$â¡if OV$pX$hp_u v$hpAp¡_u AkfL$pfL$sp Ap¡Ry>„ duWy„$ Mphp\u h^u Åe R>¡. `qfZpd¡ Ap¡R>p X$p¡T_u v$hp g¡hp\u `Z ågX$â¡if kpfy„ L$pb|dp„ Aphu Åe R>¡. Ap D`fp„s duWy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ Mphp\u lpC ågX$â¡if_u ùv$e `f \su ApX$Akf OV¡$ R>¡ A_¡ ùv$e `lp¡my„ \sy„ AV$L¡$ R>¡. duWy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ Mphp\u lpX$L$p„ _bmp„ `X$sp„ AV$L¡$ R>¡ A_¡ qL$X$_udp„ `\fu \hp_u i¼espAp¡ M|b OV$u Åe R>¡. Apd, Mp¡fpL$dp„ duWy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ L$fhp\u Qp¡½$k`Z¡ apev$p¡ \pe R>¡. -lpC ågX$â¡if_p _hp v$v$} b_sp AV$L¡$ R>¡ A_¡ S|>_p v$v$}Ap¡_y„ â¡if Ap¡R>u v$hpA¡ L¡$ v$hp hNf L$pb|dp„ Aphu Åe R>¡.

Ap`Zp kdpS>dp„ OZp gp¡L$p¡ fp¡S>_y„ 10 L¡$ 15 N°pd S>¡V$gy„ duWy„$ Mpsp lp¡e R>¡, Äepf¡ Mfu S>ê$qfeps h^ydp„ h^y dpÓ 6 N°pd_u R>¡. Mp¡fpL$dp„ duWy„$ OV$pX$hy„ lp¡e sp¡ fp¡V$gu, cps, R>pi, L$Qy„bf, QV$Zu, amp¡ hN¡f¡dp„ duWy„$ _pMhp_y„ b„^ L$fu v¡$hy„. `p`X$, A\pÏ„, QV$Zu hN¡f¡dp„ M|b duWy„$ lp¡e R>¡ dpV¡$ A¡_p¡ h`fpi Ap¡R>p¡ L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. Np„qW$ep, c|ky„, `p`X$ hN¡f¡ Mpfp¡ (Mphp_p¡ kp¡X$p) ^fphsu hp_NuAp¡ Mphp_y„ OV$pX$u _pMhy„. QV$Zudp„ dpÓ g]by S> _pMhp_u V¡$h `pX$hu s\p L$p¡C `Z Mp¡fpL$ (R>pi, k|`, g]by`pZu)dp„ D`f\u duWy„$ _pMhp_u V¡$h R>p¡X$u v¡$hu S>ê$fu R>¡.

(2) Mp¡fpL$dp„ `p¡V¡$ried_y„ âdpZ h^pfp¡ :

bÓuk v¡$ip¡dp„ \e¡g BÞV$fkp¡ëV$ sfuL¡$ ÅZusp Aæepkdp„ (bu.A¡d.S>¡. 1988, 297:319-328) A¡hy„ ÅZhp dþey„ L¡$ Mp¡fpL$dp„ `p¡V¡$ried OV$hp\u ågX$â¡if h^¡ R>¡. Mp¡fpL$_¡ L$pfZ¡ ifuf_y„ Ly$g `p¡V¡$ried OV¡$ A\hp gp¡lu L¡$ `¡ipb_y„ `p¡V¡$ried OV¡$ sp¡ `Z ågX$â¡if h^¡ R>¡ A¡hy„ kprbs \ey„ R>¡. h^y TuZhV$`|h®L$ Aæepk L$fsp„ S>Zpey„ L¡$ `¡ipbdp„ kp¡qX$ed/`p¡V¡$ried_p¡ NyZp¡Ñf ågX$â¡if `f kp¥\u h^y Akf L$f¡ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ L¡$ S>¡ gp¡L$p¡ duWy„$ h^pf¡ Mpsp lp¡e A¡dZ¡ `p¡V¡$ried `Z M|b h^pf¡ Mphy„ Å¡CA¡ S>¡\u ågX$â¡if h^sy„ AV$L¡$. S>¡ dpZk duWy„$ Ap¡Ry>„ A_¡ Ly$v$fsu `p¡V¡$ried h^pf¡ Mpe A¡_¡ kp¥\u h^y apev$p¡ \pe R>¡.

Sy>v$p Sy>v$p kp¡m Aæepkp¡_y„ AÞe dlprhïg¡jZ (S>_®g Ap¡a lpB`fV¡$Þi_ 1992, 10 (A¡k 4) : A¡k 108) v$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$, Mp¡fpL$dp„ `p¡V¡$ried_y„ âdpZ h^pfhp\u D`f_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ `p„Q rd.du. A_¡ _uQ¡_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ ÓZ rd.du._p¡ OV$pX$p¡ \pe R>¡. AgbÑ buÅ L¡$V$gpL$ Aæepkp¡dp„ ApV$gp¡ b^p¡ apev$p¡ _\u _p¢^pep¡. A_¡ `p¡V¡$ried_u kpfu Akf duWy„$ OV$pX$hp\u \su Akfp¡ L$fsp„ Ap¡R>u R>¡ A¡hy„ dp_hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

S>¡ v$v$}Ap¡ L$p¡C L$pfZkf lpC ågX$â¡if lp¡hp R>sp„ duWy$„ (kp¡qX$ed) Mphp_y„ OV$pX$u _\u iL$sp A¡hp v$v$}Ap¡dp„ `p¡V¡$ried_u dpÓp Mp¡fpL$dp„ h^pfu v¡$hp\u OZp¡ apev$p¡ \pe R>¡. `p¡V¡$ried d¡mhhp_p¡ kp¥\u DÑd fõsp¡ h^y âdpZdp„ am L¡$ amp¡_p¡ fk g¡hp_p¡ R>¡. dp¡V$p cpN_p„ amp¡dp„ `p¡V¡$ried_y„ âdpZ M|b h^pf¡ lp¡e R>¡ A¡V$g¡ lpC ågX$â¡if_¡ L$pb|dp„ fpMhy„ lp¡e sp¡ r_erds amp¡ Mpsp„ fl¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. QuLy$, L¡$mp„, _prme¡f `pZu, Ap„bmp„, apgkp„, guby„, k„sfp„-dp¡k„bu, k½$fV¡$V$u hN¡f¡dp„ `yóL$m `p¡V¡$ried lp¡e R>¡. dN, dW$, syh¡f hN¡f¡ L$W$p¡m A_¡ v$pmdp„ `Z `yóL$m âdpZdp„ `p¡V¡$ried lp¡e R>¡.

(3) Mp¡fpL$dp„ Qfbu_p¡ h`fpi OV$pX$p¡ :

Mphp-`uhpdp„ Mpk Ýep_ Qfbu `f fpMhy„ Å¡CA¡. Ou, dp„k, dV$_, IX$p„ hN¡f¡ cf`|f âdpZdp„ Mphp\u L$p¡g¡õVfp¡g h^¡ R>¡ S>¡_¡ `qfZpd¡ ifuf_u f¼shprl_uAp¡ kp„L$X$u A_¡ L$W$Z \C Åe R>¡ S>¡ R>¡hV¡$ ågX$â¡if h^pf¡ R>¡. dpV¡$ Mp¡fpL$dp„ Aphu Qfbuey¼s hõsyAp¡ OV$pX$u v¡$hu kgpl cey¯ R>¡.

C.k. 1983dp„ X$p¡. fp¡T A_¡ s¡_p kp\uAp¡_p¡ A¡L$ Aæepk S>_®g Ap¡a lpB`fV¡$Þi_ (1983, 1:65-71)dp„ ârkÙ \ep¡ lsp¡ S>¡dp„ ipL$plpfu A_¡ dp„kplpfu ìe[¼sAp¡_p ågX$â¡if_u kfMpdZu L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu. ipL$plpfu ìe[¼sAp¡_y„ kf¡fpi ågX$â¡if dp„kplpfu ìe[¼sAp¡ L$fsp„ Ap¡Ry>„ lsy„. Aphp¡ S> A¡L$ buÅ¡ Aæepk X$p¡. dpN£V$ A_¡ kp\uAp¡A¡ rb°qV$i d¡qX$L$g S>_®g (1986 : 293 : 1468-1471)dp„ ârkÙ L$ep£ lsp¡. S>¡dp„ dpBëX$ lpC ågX$â¡if_p v$v$}Ap¡_¡ Ap„L$X$pip÷_u f¡ÞX$d k¡ç`tgN V¡$L$¹r_L$\u b¡ S|>\dp„ hl¢Qhpdp„ Apìep lsp. A¡L$ S|>\¡ A¡_p¡ S|>_p¡ Mp¡fpL$ (dy¿eÐh¡ dp„kplpf) Qpgy fp¿ep¡ Äepf¡ buÅ S|>\_¡ k„`|Z® ipL$plpfu Mp¡fpL$ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡. S>¡ S|>\_¡ k„`|Z® ipL$plpfu Mp¡fpL$ Ap`hpdp„ Apìep¡ lsp¡ A¡ S|>\_y„ kf¡fpi ågX$â¡if OV$éy„ lsy„ Äepf¡ AÞe S|>\_y„ ågX$â¡if h^¡gy„ S> füy„ lsy„.

X¡$i (X$pe¡V$fu A¡âp¡Q Vy$ õV$p¡` lpB`fV¡$Þi_) õV$X$u sfuL¡$ â¿eps Aæepk spS>¡sfdp„ Þey HÁg¡ÞX$ S>_®g Ap¡a d¡qX$rk_ (1997:336:1117-1124)dp„ ârkÙ \ep¡ lsp¡. Ap Aæepkdp„ lpC ågX$â¡if_p h©Ù v$v$}Ap¡_¡ ÓZ f¡ÞX$d S|>\dp„ hl¢Qhpdp„ Apìep.

A¡L$ S|>\$_p v$v$}Ap¡_¡ s¡d_p¡ fp¡tS>v$p¡ ê$V$u_ Mp¡fpL$ Qpgy fpMhp_y„ S>Zphpey„.

buÅ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡_¡ amp¡ A_¡ ipL$cpÆ `f fl¡hp L$l¡hpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„.

ÓuÅ S|>\_¡ amp¡-ipL$cpÆ_u kp\p¡kp\ Mp¡fpL$_u Ly$g Qfbu A_¡ k„s©às Qfbu OV$pX$hp_y„ S>Zphpey„. ApW$ AW$hpqX$ep„ ky^u, v$f¡L$ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡A¡ Ap k|Q_p dyS>b Mp¡fpL$ gu^p¡. Ap `R>u v$f¡L$ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡_y„ ågX$â¡if afu QL$pkhpdp„ Apìey„.

S>¡ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡_p Mp¡fpL$dp„ L$p¡C `qfhs®_ L$fhpdp„ _lp¡sy„ Apìey„ A¡d_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ L$p¡C a¡fapf _p¢^pep¡ _l].

S>¡ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡dp„ dpÓ amp¡ A_¡ ipL$cpÆ h^pfhpdp„ Apìep„ lsp„ A¡d_p kf¡fpi D`f_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ ÓZ rd.du. A_¡ _uQ¡_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ A¡L$ rd.du. S>¡V$gp¡ OV$pX$p¡ _p¢^pep¡.

S>¡ S|>\_p v$v$}Ap¡dp„ amp¡-ipL$cpÆ h^pfhp D`fp„s Mp¡fpL$_u Ly$g Qfbu OV$pX$hpdp„ Aphu lsu A¡ S|>\dp„ D`f_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ kf¡fpi ÓZ rd.du. S>¡V$gp¡ OV$pX$p¡ _p¢^pep¡. S>¡ v$v$}Ap¡_y„ ågX$â¡if (R>¡ëgp S|>\dp„) OÏ„ h^pf¡ lsy„ A¡ v$v$}Ap¡_p ågX$â¡ifdp„ kp¥\u h^y OV$pX$p¡ S>Zpep¡. Aphp v$v$}Ap¡_y„ kf¡fpi D`f_y„ ågX$â¡if ArNepf rd.du. A_¡ _uQ¡_y„ ågX$â¡if R> rd.du. OV$éy„! Ap ApMp Aæepk v$frdep_ v$f¡L$ S|>\dp„ duW$p (kp¡qX$ed ¼gp¡fpBX$)_y„ âdpZ A¡L$kfMy„ fpMhpdp„ Apìey„ lsy„. h^y amp¡-ipL$cpÆ A_¡ Ap¡R>u Qfbuhpmu X¡$fu_u `¡v$pip¡ g¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Mp¡fpL$dp„ f¡kpAp¡, `p¡V¡$ried, L¡$[ëied, d¡Á_¡ried A_¡ âp¡V$u__y„ âdpZ ê$V$u_ Mp¡fpL$ L$fsp„ h^pf¡ lsy„- S>¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ apev$pL$pfL$ Akfp¡ \C iL¡$.

(4) L¡$au__p¡ h`fpi OV$pX$p¡ :

L¡$au_ A¡ L$v$pQ rhðdp„ kp¥\u ìep`L$ h`fpsp¡ L¡$au `v$p\® R>¡. OZp b^p Aæepkp¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap `v$p\®_p h`fpi\u D`f_y„ (rkõV$p¡rgL$) ågX$â¡if 5\u 15 rd.du. d¼ey®fu S>¡V$gy„ A_¡ _uQ¡_y„ (X$pepõV$p¡rgL$) ågX$â¡if 5\u 10 rd.du. d¼ey®fu S>¡V$gy„ h^¡ R>¡. A¡L$ hMs L¡$au_ ifufdp„ Åe A_¡ A¡_u Akf iê$ \pe `R>u `p„Q L$gpL$dp„ Ap Akf AX$^u \C Åe R>¡. Ad¡qfL$_ S>_®g Ap¡a L$pqX®$ep¡gp¡Æ, Ad¡qfL$_ S>_®g Ap¡a lpB`fV¡$Þi_ A_¡ S>_®g Ap¡a L$pqX®$ep¡hpõ¼eygf qfõL$dp„ ârkÙ \e¡g rhrh^ Aæepkp¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$, Å¡ hkrs_p¡ v$f¡L$ kæe L¡$au__y„ k¡h_ R>p¡X$u v¡$ sp¡ ApMu hkrs_p kf¡fpi ågX$â¡ifdp„ 2\u 4 rd.du. dL$ey®fu S>¡V$gp¡ OV$pX$p¡ \pe. A_¡ kf¡fpi ågX$â¡ifdp„ \sp¡ ApV$gp¡ OV$pX$p¡ Apif¡ 9\u 14 V$L$p ùv$efp¡N_p lzdgp A_¡ 17\u 24 V$L$p `¡f¡rgrkk_p lzdgp_¡ Aphsp„ AV$L$phu iL¡$. V|„$L$dp„, Qp-L$p¡au A_¡ L$p¡gp kp¡ãV$ qX²„$¼kdp„ Aphsy„ L¡$au_ bu.`u. A_¡ AÞe fp¡Np¡ h^pf¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡dp„\u i¼e A¡V$gp¡ hl¡gp¡ Ry>V$L$pfp¡ d¡mhp¡ A¡ sdpfp õhpõÕe dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡. OZp gp¡L$p¡ _p_p„ bpmL$p¡_¡ Qp-L$p¡au _\u Ap`sp `Z A¡V$gy„ S> _yL$kp_ L$fsp„ L$p¡gp-kp¡ãV$ qX²$Þ¼k R|>V$\u `uhp v¡$ R>¡! L$p¡gp qX²$Þ¼kdp„ fl¡g L¡$au_ Qp-L$p¡au_p L¡$au_ S>¡hu S> ApX$Akfp¡ L$f¡ R>¡.

(5) Mp¡fpL$dp„ L$¡[ëied, d¡Á_¡ried, âp¡V$u_, f¡kpAp¡ h^pfp¡ :

Ap b^p„ sÒhp¡ kpfp„ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ Aæepkp¡dp„ L¡$[ëied Ap¡Ry>„ Mphp\u ågX$â¡if h^¡ R>¡ A¡hy„ ÅZhp dþey„ R>¡, `f„sy Mp¡fpL$dp„ L¡$[ëied h^pfhp\u ågX$â¡ifdp„ _p¢^`pÓ dp¡V$p¡ afL$ `X$u iL$sp¡ _\u. Aphy„ S> d¡Á_¡ried, f¡kpAp¡ A_¡ âp¡Vu_ dpV¡$ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ AÞe Apfp¡Áegnu apev$pAp¡_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu Ap `v$p\p£_y„ Mp¡fpL$dp„ `|fsy„ âdpZ lp¡hy„ S>ê$fu R>¡, `f„sy A¡d_p¡ ågX$â¡if OV$pX$hpdp„ ku^p¡ apmp¡ R>¡ L¡$ _l] A¡ lÆ ky^u r_:i„L$`Z¡ kprbs \ey„ _\u.

Apd, lpC ågX$â¡if_¡ \sy„ S> AV$L$phhy„ lp¡e L¡$ \C Nep `R>u L$pb|dp„ fpMhy„ lp¡e sp¡, Mp¡fpL$dp„ duWy„$, Ou-s¡g-Qfbu A_¡ Qp-L$p¡au OV$pX$u v$p¡ s\p gugp„ ipL$cpÆ-amp¡-L$W$p¡m Mphp_p„ h^pfu v$p¡.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?