íepdp W$½$f, hX$p¡v$fp

hjp£\u hX$p¡v$fp_p f¡gh¡ epX$®dp„ ^|m Mpsp„ dlpfpÅ kepÆfph NpeL$hpX$_p„ iplu kg|_p¡ afu\u _¡fp¡N¡S> `pV$p D`f v$p¡X$sp„ L$fhp_u ep¡S>_p f¡gh¡ rhcpN¡ lp\ ^fu R>¡. fS>hpX$u kde_p„ Ap cìe kg|_p¡_¡ `y_: ^bL$sp„ L$fu Vy$qfTd_¡ h¡N Ap`hp_u BÃR>p ìe¼s L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. v¡$i_p L¡$V$gpL$ V|$f Ap¡`f¡V$fp¡A¡ Ap _¡fp¡N¡S> "`¡g¡k Ap¡_ ìluëk'dp„ fk v$pMìep¡ R>¡.

h¡õV$_® f¡gh¡_p hX$p¡v$fp qX$rhT__p epX®$dp„ Ap fS>hpX$u kg|_p¡ gNcN Qpguk hj®\u S>¡d_p„ s¡d `X$ép„ R>¡. ÅZ¡ `pV$p D`f S>X$u v¡$hpep„ lp¡e s¡d Ap kg|_p¡ hjp£\u skycpf `Z Mõep„ _\u. Ap L$pfZ¡ kg|__u _uQ¡ `pV$p `pk¡ TpX$u ENu _uL$mu R>¡. Ap kg|_p¡ dpV¡$ S> Mpk b_phhpdp„ Aph¡gy„ _¡fp¡N¡S> õV$ud A¡[ÞS>_ `Z ip¡cp_p Np„qW$ep_u S>¡d hjp£\u A¡_u A¡ S> [õ\rsdp„ `X$éy„ R>¡.

ApS>\u 76 hj® `l¡gp„ hX$p¡v$fp_p fpS>hu NpeL$hpX$ `qfhpf dpV¡$ Mpk Ap¡X®$f Ap`u Ap kg|_ b_phhpdp„ Apìep„ lsp„. kpN_p gpL$X$pdp„\u b_phhpdp„ Aph¡gp„ Ap kg|__p¡ fS>hpX$u W$pW$ ApS>¡ kpX$p kps v$peL$pAp¡ `R>u `Z bfL$fpf R>¡. 44 awV$ gp„bp Ap kg|_dp„ aõV®$ ¼gpk X²$p¡HNê$d b_phpep¡ R>¡. Ap D`fp„s b¡X$ê$d sfuL¡$ D`ep¡N \C iL¡$ s¡hu kyrh^p `Z Ap kg|_dp„ R>¡.

kg|__p A¡L$ cpNdp„ qL$Q_ R>¡. iplu `qfhpf_p kæep¡_u k¡hp-kyîyjp L$fhp dpV¡$ QpL$fp¡_p¡ A¡V¡$ÞX$ÞV$ ê$d `Z kg|_dp„ dp¡S|>v$ R>¡. kp¡ap-L$d-b¡X$, b¡[ëS>ed Ágpk_p Afukp, bpfuAp¡ D`f `X$v$p, `„Mp A_¡ X$¡L$p¡f¡qV$h gpBV¹$k_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap kg|_ ÅZ¡ `pV$p `f_p¡ dl¡g lp¡e s¡hp¡ Al¡kpk L$fph¡ R>¡.

Ap fS>hpX$u V²¡$_ gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ ApL$j®Z_y„ L¡$ÞÖ b_i¡ s¡_y„ A¡L$ L$pfZ A¡ `Z R>¡ L¡$ _¡fp¡N¡S>_u kaf_p¡ A¡L$ ApNhp¡ fp¡dpÞk R>¡. Ap kg|_ _¡fp¡N¡S> V²¡$L$ D`f v$p¡X$su \hp_u R>¡.

Ap ep¡S>_p A„N¡ f¡gh¡_p qX$rhT_g d¡_¡S>f bu. bu. dyv$Nug L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$, ""kg|_dp„ kpdpÞe qf`¡qf„N L$fhp_u S>ê$f R>¡. kg|__p fS>hpX$u W$pW$dp„ skycpf_p¡ `Z a¡f _ \pe s¡_u L$pmÆ fpMu Ad¡ Ap kg|__y„ qf`¡qf„N L$pd L$fphuiy„. 6/Apf-A¡ A_¡ 7/Apf-A¡ _„bf_p„ Ap b„_¡ fpS>hu kg|_ hX$p¡v$fp f¡gh¡_p âsp`_Nf hL®$ip¡`dp„ `X$ép„ R>¡. Ap kg|__u qL„$ds "Ad|ëe' R>¡. s¡_¡ `pR>p„ v$p¡X$sp„ L$fhp„ `pR>m_y„ A¡L$ L$pfZ Ap`Zp cìe c|sL$pm_¡ `pR>p¡ ^bL$sp¡ L$fhp_u `Z R>¡.''

1860dp„ iê$ \e¡gu bp¡çb¡ bfp¡X$p A¡ÞX$ k¡ÞV²$g B[ÞX$ep

hX$p¡v$fp_p dlpfpÅ M„X¡$fph cpfs_p„ sdpd v$¡iu fpÄep¡dp„ f¡gh¡ _¡V$hL®$ iê$ L$f_pfp â\d dlpfpÅ lsp. ApS>\u 141 hj® ANpD 1860dp„ dlpfpÅ M„X¡$fph¡ bp¡çb¡-bfp¡X$p A¡ÞX$ k¡ÞV²$g B[ÞX$ep f¡gh¡ iê$ L$fu lsu, S>¡ bu.bu. A¡ÞX$ ku.ApB. f¡gh¡_p V|„$L$p _pd¡ vy$r_epcfdp„ ÅZusu lsu.

dlpfpÅ M„X¡$fph_p Apv¡$i\u hX$p¡v$fp\u X$cp¡C A_¡ qdepNpd hÃQ¡ huk dpCg gp„bu _¡fp¡N¡S> gpB_ (`pV$p) b¡kpX$hpdp„ Aphu lsu. Ap V²¡$L$ D`f gpBV$ V²$pd-h¡ krh®k iê$ L$fhp_u ep¡S>_p dlpfpÅ_u lsu. Å¡L¡$ kg|_ kdekf _ b_sp„ Ap ep¡S>_p Mp¡f„c¡ `X$u lsu.

Ap _¡fp¡N¡S> V²$¡L$_u A¡L$ fkâv$ hps A¡ `Z R>¡ L¡$, Ap V²¡$L$ D`f kp¥\u `l¡gu âhpku V²¡$_ _l] `f„sy NyX¹$T V²¡$_ v$p¡X$u lsu. A¡dp„ Mf¡Mfu fkâv$ hps sp¡ A¡ lsu L¡$ Ap NyX¹$T V²¡$_ A¡[ÞS>_ Üpfp _l] `f„sy bmv$p¡ Üpfp M¢Qhpdp„ Aphu lsu!

dlpfpÅA¡ 1863dp„ HÁg¡ÞX$_u d¡kk® _¡ëk_ A¡ÞX$ L„$`_u_¡ gpBV$ õV$ud A¡[ÞS>_ b_phhp_p¡ Ap¡X®$f Apàep¡. v$k hj® bpv$ Ap õV$ud A¡[ÞS>_ 1873dp„ hX$p¡v$fp Aphu `lp¢Ãey„ lsy„.

1873_u ApW$du A¡râg¡ "ê$r`ep 4,02,102.00'_p MQ£ hX$p¡v$fp\u X$cp¡C ky^u_u r_erds k¡hp_p¡ âpf„c \ep¡ lsp¡.

bp¡çb¡-bfp¡X$p A¡ÞX$ k¡ÞV²$g B[ÞX$ep f¡gh¡_u dprgL$u Å¡L$¡ rb°qV$i kfL$pf_u lsu. hX$p¡v$fp-X$cp¡C k¡hp dpV¡$ hX$p¡v$fp kfL$pf v$f drl_¡ ê$. 500 Q|L$hsu lsu. S>¡ ¾$di: h^u_¡ ê$. 2800 ky^u `lp¢Qu lsu.

hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$V$ f¡gh¡ _ap¡ fmsu lsu
dlpfpÅ M„X¡$fph_p Ahkp_ bpv$ s¡d_p A_yepeu dlpfpÅ kepÆfph ÓuÅA¡ hX$p¡v$fp_p f¡gh¡ _¡V$hL®$_¡ h^y ky×Y$ b_pìey„. kf kepÆfph¡ NpeL$hpX$ kfL$pf_u dprgL$u_u 4 bfp¡X$p õV¡$V$ f¡gh¡ (bu.A¡k.Apf.)_p¡ âpf„c L$ep£. kepÆfph_p âeÐ_p¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ S> 1930 ky^udp„ hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$V$_p 450 dpCgdp„ f¡gh¡ afhp gpNu lsu.

ApS>¡ cpfs_y„ f¡gh¡ s„Ó S>„Nu Mp¡V$ L$fu füy„ R>¡, `f„sy khpkp¡ hj® ANpD hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$V$_y„ f¡gh¡ s„Ó S>„Nu _ap¡ L$fsy„ lsy„. 1873-74dp„ f¡gh¡_¡ ApW$ lÅf_p¡ Qp¡¿Mp¡ _ap¡ \ep¡ lsp¡, S>¡ 1878-79dp„ h^u_¡ ê$r`ep 32 lÅf S>¡V$gp¡ \C Nep¡ lsp¡.

bp¡çb¡ bfp¡X$p A¡ÞX$ k¡ÞV²$g B[ÞX$ep f¡gh¡ rhðdp„ X$uTg Bg¡[¼V²$L$ f¡gh¡ L$pf D`ep¡N L$f_pfy„ `l¡gy„ f¡gh¡ _¡V$hL®$ lsy„. Ap L$pfdp„ Ðepf¡ 90 lp¡k® `phf_p X$uTg A¡[ÞS>__p¡ D`ep¡N \sp¡ lsp¡. Ap kde¡ hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$i__¡ A¡L$ qL$gp¡duV$f V²¡$_ v$p¡X$phhp_p¡ MQ® 38 `¥kp (dpÓ ApX$Óuk `¥kp S>) Aphsp¡ lsp¡.

bu.bu. A¡ÞX$ ku.ApB.Apf. L„$`_uA¡ 1861dp„ dy„bC\u hX$p¡v$fp A_¡ 1862dp„ hX$p¡v$fp\u Adv$phpv$ f¡gh¡gpB_ iê$ L$fu v$u^u lsu.

hX$p¡v$fp_y„ f¡gh¡ õV¡$i_ L¡$ÞÖõ\p_¡ lsy„
1863_p kàV¡$çbfdp„ hX$p¡v$fp_p âsp`_Nf õV¡$i_\u `l¡gu V²¡$_ Adv$phpv$ S>hp E`X$u Ðepf¡ Ap V²$¡__¡ rhv$pe Ap`hp dpV¡$ lÅfp¡ gp¡L$p¡ âsp`_Nf õV¡$i_¡ EdV$u `X$ép lsp.

Ap kde¡ Adv$phpv$ krls_p DÑf NyS>fps_¡ A_¡ kp¥fpô²$-L$ÃR> s\p dy„bC_¡ Å¡X$sp dlÒh_p f¡gh¡ d\L$ sfuL¡$ hX$p¡v$fp E`ku Apìey„ lsy„. Ah^ f¡gh¡, r_Tpd õV¡$V$ f¡gh¡, BõV$-B[ÞX$ep f¡gh¡, b„Npg-_pN`yf f¡gh¡ s\p fpS>`|sp_p f¡gh¡gpB_p¡ kp\¡ hX$p¡v$fp Å¡X$pe¡gy„ lsy„. v¡$i_p„ v|$f_p„ OZp„ õ\mp¡A¡ S>hp dpV¡$ hX$p¡v$fp\u ku^u V²¡$_ D`gå^ \hp gpNu lsu. ApMp NyS>fpsdp„\u Ap kde¡ gp¡L$p¡ hX$p¡v$fp Aphu_¡ gp„bp A„sf_u V²¡$_ `L$X$sp lsp.

hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$V$_u f¡gh¡_¡ Å¡C fS>hpX$u kdedp„ AÞe v¡$iu fpÄep¡A¡ `Z `p¡sp_p fpÄedp„ f¡gh¡ k¡hpAp¡ iê$ L$fu lsu. Å¡L¡$ `pR>m\u Ap v¡$iu fpÄe_¡ Ap f¡gh¡k¡hp_u ÅmhZu dp¢Ou `X$sp„ `p¡sp_y„ f¡gh¡ s„Ó Qgphhp_u S>hpbv$pfu rb°qV$i kfL$pf_u bu. bu. A¡ÞX$ ku.ApB.Apf. L„$`_u_¡ kp¢`u v$u^u lsu. s¡_p\u sØ_ EgVy„$ bp¡X¡$gu-R>p¡V$p Dv¡$`yf _¡fp¡N¡S> gpB__p¡ hluhV$ hX$p¡v$fp õV¡$V¡$ k„cpmu gu^p¡ lsp¡. s¡ S> fus¡ 1833dp„ dl¡kpZp f¡gh¡ `Z hX$p¡v$fp_¡ kp¢`u v¡$hpdp„ Aphu lsu.

s¡ kde¡ dl¡kpZp hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe_p spbp l¡W$m lp¡hp\u hX$p¡v$fp fpÄe¡ 1877_p Ap¡NõV$ dpkdp„ dl¡kpZp-hX$_Nf hÃQ¡ f¡gk¡hp iê$ L$fphu lsu. 1888_u 12du qX$k¡çbf¡ Ap V²¡$_ g„bphu_¡ M¡fpgy ky^u A_¡ 1908_u 20du Ap¡NõV¡$ Ap V²¡$__¡ g„bphu spf„Np rlg ky^u `lp¢Qsu L$fhpdp„ Aphu lsu.

S>¡ kg|__¡ afu\u iê$ L$fhp_u ep¡S>_p R>¡ s¡ kg|_ hX$p¡v$fp_p dlpfpÅA¡ `p¡sp_p A„Ns D`ep¡N dpV¡$ s¥epf L$fpìep„ lsp„. Ap kg|_p¡dp„ A¡L$ kg|_ s¡ kde¡ ê$. 48,181.00 A_¡ buSy>„ kg|_ ê$. 64,726.00_p MQ£ bÞey„ lsy„. ApTpv$u ky^u fpS>hu `qfhpf_p kæep¡ Ap kg|__p¡ D`ep¡N L$fsp lsp. ApTpv$u bpv$ NpeLhpX$ kfL$pf¡ `p¡sp_u f¡gk¡hp kp\¡ Ap kg|_ `Z õhs„Ó cpfs_u kfL$pf_¡ kp¢`u v$u^p„ lsp„.

ApTpv$u bpv$ Ap kg|_p¡ \p¡X$p„ hjp£ ky^u "BÞõ`¡¼i_ hp_' sfuL¡$ D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hpep„ lsp„. DÃQ L$np_p f¡gh¡_p bpbyAp¡ BÞõ`¡¼i__p Apie\u Ap fS>hpX$u kg|_p¡dp„ kaf L$fsp lsp. ApS>\u Qpguk¡L$ hj® ANpD Ap kg|_p¡ hX$p¡v$fp f¡gh¡_p epX®$dp„ dyL$phu v¡$hpep„ lsp„. s¡ qv$hk_u OX$u A_¡ ApS>_p qv$hk ky^u Ap kg|_p¡ S>¡d_u s¡d v$ipdp„ `X$ép„ R>¡. lh¡ s¡_¡ afu\u Qpgsp„ L$fhp_u hps hl¡su \sp„ hX$p¡v$fphpkuAp¡dp„ _¡fp¡N¡S> `f fS>hpX$u V²¡$_dp„ kfL$hp_p¡ fp¡dpÞk ÅNu EW$ép¡ R>¡.

skhufp¡ :
(1) B[ÞX$e_ f¡gh¡ : 40\u h^y hjp£\u _¡fp¡N¡S> `f v$p¡X$sy„ õV$ud A¡[ÞS>_ lsy„ Ðep„_y„ Ðep„ R>¡!
(2) blpf\u kpdpÞe f¡gh¡_p X$åbp, A„v$f\u fS>hpX$u
(3) iplu kg|_dp„ kpN_p gpL$X$p_p¡ Åvy$ : v$peL$pAp¡ husu R>sp„ ar_®Qf_¡ Ap„Q Aphu _\u

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?