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kycpj L¡$. Tp

qaëdp¡ Ap`Zp Æh_ kp\¡ A¡V$gu hZpC NC R>¡ L¡$ A¡_p rkhpe_u tS>v$Nu_u L$ë`_p L$fhu dyíL¡$g R>¡.

L¡$V$guL$ qaëdp¡ A¡hu `Z lp¡e R>¡ S>¡ qfrgT \sp„ `l¡gp„\u S> gp¡L$p¡ s¡_u fpl Å¡hp dp„X¡$ R>¡. gp¡L$p¡_u A`¡np A¡ qaëd kp\¡ A¡hu Å¡X$pC Åe R>¡ L¡$ raëd qfrgT \ep_p `l¡gp S> qv$hk¡ gp¡L$p¡ qaëd Å¡hp `X$p`X$u L$f¡ R>¡.

L¡$V$guL$ qaëdp¡ A¡hu `Z lp¡e R>¡ S>¡ qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ S>¡V$gu QQp®õ`v$ b_¡ R>¡ A¡V$gu `pR>m\u Qpgsu _\u.

Ap`Z¡ Apsyfsp\u BÞs¡Tpf L$fuA¡ A¡hu qaëdp¡ Å¡L¡$ lh¡ blz Ap¡R>u b_¡ R>¡. s¡dp„ spÅ¡ v$pMgp¡ R>¡ L$cu Myiu L$cu Nd (L¡$3Æ) qaëd_p¡. Ly$R> Ly$R> lp¡sp l¥ S>¡hu `l¡gu S> ky`frlV$ raëd\u â¿eps \C Ne¡gp eyhp_ qv$Áv$i®L$ L$f_ Å¡lf_u L¡$3ÆA¡ v¡$i A_¡ v¡$i_u blpf A¡V$gu A`¡npAp¡ S>Nphu lsu S>¡V$gu L$v$pQ AÐepf_p kdedp„ L$p¡C qaëd¡ S>Nphu _lp¡su.

Ap qaëd rhi¡ rdî âÐepOpsp¡ `X$ép R>¡. L$¡V$gpL$_¡ qaëd OZu Ndu R>¡ sp¡ L¡$V$gpL$_¡ qaëd bp`b¡V$p hÃQ¡ dsc¡v$p¡ \pe, `R>u v$uL$fp¡ Of R>p¡X$u Åe A_¡ A„s¡ Mp^y„`u^y„ _¡ fpS> L$u^y„ S>¡hu kv$uAp¡ `yfpZu ap¡çey®gp qaëd gpNu R>¡.

L¡V$gpL$ qfìey L$l¡ R>¡ L¡$ qaëd A¡_ApfApC Ap¡qX$eÞk_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ b_u R>¡. s¡d_¡ kss `p¡sp_p v¡$i A_¡ cpfsue `f„`fpAp¡_p¡ drldp epv$ A`phu_¡ gpNZuiug L$fu d|L¡$ A¡hu L$p¡rii \C R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ rfìeydp„ L$l¡hpey„ R>¡ L¡$ s¡_u õV$p¡fugpB_dp„ v$d _\u, `Z V¡$[¼_L$gu qaëd kpfu b_u R>¡.

kycpj OpC_u qaëd epv¢$_p¡ qL$õkp¡ lÆ kph cygpep¡ _\u. F>[ÐhL$ fp¡i_, L$fu_p L$`|f A_¡ kycpj OpC_p _pd_¡ gu^¡ qaëd¡ Mpõku QQp® S>Nphu lsu, `Z A¡ qaëd OfAp„NZ¡ kph ãgp¡` NC, Å¡L¡$ rhv$¡idp„ kpfu L$dpZu L$fu iL$u. L¡$3ÆA¡ `Z qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ kpfu A¡hu Apsyfsp S>Nphu lsu, lh¡ L¡$huL$ kam \pe R>¡ s¡ sp¡ kde S> bsphi¡.

cpfsue rk_¡dp_p Bqslpkdp„ Ap `l¡gp„ buÆ `Z A¡hu L¡$V$guL$ qaëdp¡ Aphu NC S>¡Z¡ qfrgT \e¡gp„ `l¡gp„ gp¡L$p¡dp„ M|b DÐkyL$sp S>Nphu lsu. Ap`Z¡ A¡hu v$k qaëdp¡_u hps L$fuA¡.

fpÅ lqfò„Ö (1913) : v$pv$pkpl¡b apmL¡$A¡ b_ph¡gu cpfsue qaëdS>Ns_u Ap `l¡ghl¡gu dp¡i_ raëd lsu. `p¥fprZL$ L$\p `f\u b_¡gu Ap qaëddp„ b^p `yfyj L$gpL$pfp¡ S> lsp. qaëddp„ L$pd L$fhp L$p¡C drlgp s¥epf _lp¡su \C A¡V$g¡ rlfp¡B__u c|rdL$p `Z A¡L$ `yfyj L$gpL$pf¡ S> cS>hu lsu.

qaëd 21du A¡râg, 1913_p qfrgT \C A_¡ A¡L$ A¥rslprkL$ OV$_p_¡ _S>f¡ r_lpmhp gp¡L$p¡A¡ r\e¡V$f R>gL$phu v$u^p„.

ApgdApfp (1931) : cpfs_u kp¥\u `l¡gu bp¡gsu qaëd. s¡dp„ Nusk„Nus A_¡ X$pÞk_p¡ cf`|f D`ep¡N \ep¡ lsp¡. qX$f¡¼V$f Afv¡$if Bfp_u_u Ap qaëddp„ A¡L$ fpÅ A_¡ s¡_u b¡ fpZuAp¡ s\p s¡d_u hÃQ¡ Qpgsp MV$fpN_u hps lsu. lufp¡ sfuL¡$ dpõV$f rhÌ$g lsp.

b¡ L$gpL$_u Ap qaëd 14du dpQ®, 1931_p qfrgT \C. cìe TpL$Tdpmcep® k¡V¹$k A_¡ Nusk„Nus D`fp„s qaëd_p„ `pÓp¡ bp¡gsp„ lsp„. bp¡gsp„ `pÓp¡_¡ Å¡hp_y„ ApL$j®Z fp¡¼ey„ fp¡L$pe A¡d _lp¡sy„.

qL$õds (1943) : cpfsue qaëdp¡_¡ Aip¡L$ Ly$dpf S>¡hp ky`fõV$pf Ap`_pfu Ap qaëddp„ `l¡gu hMs lp¡guh|X$_u qaëdp¡ S>¡hp¡ ^pfv$pf L$kb v¡$Mpep¡ lsp¡.

õhS>_p¡_y„ R|>V$p `X$u S>hy„, Mp¡hpC S>hy„ A_¡ `R>u dmu S>hy„ A¡hu d_dp¡l_ v¡$kpC_u qaëdp¡_u ap¡çey®gp qL$õds\u iê$ \C lsu.

qX$f¡¼V$f op_ dyMfÆ_u Ap ky`frlV$ qaëddp„ Aip¡L$ Ly$dpf_¡ DW$phNuf bsphpep lsp. S>¡ Mf¡Mf sp¡ qaëd_p rhg__p¡ S> v$uL$fp¡ lp¡e R>¡. V¡$[¼_L$gu fus¡ kfk b_¡gu q\°gf V$pB`_u Ap qaëd L$gL$Ñpdp„ A¡L$ S> r\e¡V$fdp„ km„N ÓZ hj® Qpgu lsu.

bfkps (1949) : rlÞv$u qaëdp¡_p Bqslpkdp„ `l¡gu hMs qaëdk„Nus A_¡ qaëd_p„ Nusp¡dp„ L¡$V$gu spL$ps lp¡e R>¡ s¡ `yfhpf \ey„. qaëdp¡dp„ Nusk„Nus_¡ KQ¡fy„ õ\p_ A`phhp_p¡ ei fpS> L$`|f_¡ Åe R>¡.

ApfL¡$ b¡_f_u Ap qaëddp„ Qpf â¡duAp¡- fpS> L$`|f, _frNk, â¡d_p\ A_¡ r_çdu_u âZeL$lpZu_u hps lsu. qaëd¡ Ap Qpf¡e õV$pk®_¡ A`pf gp¡L$râesp A`phu. k„NusL$pf Å¡X$u i„L$f-S>eqL$i__¡ `Z A¡V$gu S> gp¡L$râesp dmu. dyT¡ qL$kuk¡ àepf lp¡ Nep, lhp d¢ EX$sp Åe¡ A_¡ rS>ep b¡L$fpf l¥.. Nusp¡ Adf b_u Nep„. qaëd\u buÅ `Z A¡L$ ky`fõV$pf_p¡ Dv$e \ep¡. A¡ ky`fõV$pf A¡V$g¡ gsp d„N¡iL$f.

Ap_ (1952) : dl¡b|b Mp__u qaëd d^f B[ÞX$epA¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ O¡gp L$fu v$u^p lsp, `Z A¡_p„ `p„Q hj® `l¡gp„ dl¡b|b Mp_¡ S> rlÞv$u qaëdp¡_u kp¥\u `l¡gu V¡$[¼_L$gf qaëd Ap_ b_phu lsu. S>¡dp„ qv$gu` Ly$dpf, r_çdu A_¡ _pqv$fp S>¡hp„ L$gpL$pfp¡ lsp„.

i¡¼kr`ef_u ^ V¡$rd„N Ap¡a ^ i°y hpsp® `f\u b_¡gu Ap qaëd_u qV$qL$V$ Mfuv$hp gp¡L$p¡A¡ gp„bu gp„bu gpB_p¡ gNphu lsu. qaëd ky`frlV$ sp¡ _ \C, `Z rfrgT \ep„ `l¡gp„ gp¡L$p¡dp„ OZu DÐkyL$sp S>Nphu lsu.

dyNg¡ ApTd (1960) : qv$Áv$i®L$ L¡$. Aprka¡ dyNg h„i_p Bqslpk_p Ap^pf¡ b_ph¡gu Ap qaëd Å¡hp q\e¡V$fp¡_u blpf gp¡L$p¡dp„ fuskf_u `X$p`X$u \su. _h _h hj£ b_¡gu Ap qaëd_y„ ÅZusy„ `p¡õV$f-qv$gu` Ly$dpf d^ybpgp_p Ql¡fp `f lmh¡ lp\¡ `]Ry>„ a¡fh¡ R>¡- s¡ Å¡hp gp¡L$p¡ ^½$pdy½$u L$fu d|L$sp.

Bqslpk_¡ cìe, ApL$j®L$ fus¡ fS|> L$fsu Ap qaëddp„ buÅ„ `Z A¡L$b¡ `pkp„ A¡hp„ lsp„ S>¡Z¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„ M|b Apsyfsp S>Nphu lsu. A¡L$ sp¡ _p¥ipv$_p„ Nusk„Nus A_¡ buSy>„, kgud-A_pfL$gu_p¡ fp¡dpÞk. qv$gu` Ly$dpf A_¡ d^ybpgp hÃQ¡ A¡ kde¡ kpQu tS>v$Nudp„ `Z fp¡dpÞk lp¡hp_u hpsp¡ Qpgsu lsu. A¡V$g¡ qaëd rfrgT \sp„ `l¡gp„ S> gp¡L$p¡dp„ ApL$j®Z_y„ L¡$ÞÖ b_u NC lsu.

lp\u d¡f¡ kp\u (1971) : qaëd "Apfp^_p'_u kamsp `R>u fpS>¡i MÞ_p gNcN ky`fõV$pf L$l¡hphp gpÁep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ s¡ `R>u Aphu rQ_à`p v¡$hf_u Ap qaëd. lufp¡A_¡ s¡_p `pmsy lp\u hÃQ¡_p â¡d_u Ap qaëd¡ Apbpgh©Ù kp¥dp„ A¡L$kfMy„ ApL$j®Z S>Npìey„ lsy„. qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ S> qaëd¡ S>bfu QL$Qpf dQphu lsu A_¡ `R>u sp¡ qaëd X$ped„X$ Äeyrbgu rlV$ \C NC.

bp¡bu (1973) : d¡fp _pd Å¡L$f qaëd_u r_óamsp `R>u fpS> L$`|f¡ bp¡bu qaëddp„ V$u_A¡S> fp¡dpÞk_¡ M|bk|fsu\u fS|> L$ep£.

qfiu L$`|f A_¡ qX$ç`g L$p`rX$ep S>¡hu dv$dõs Å¡X$u, gÿduL$p„s-àepf¡gpg_y„ V²¡$ÞX$u k„Nus, gsp d„N¡iL$f_p¡ d^yf L$„W$ A_¡ b_u ê$b¡__u `[ågrkV$u-Ap b^p„A¡ dmu_¡ qaëd_¡ qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ S> S>bfu ârkrÙ A`phu lsu.

A¡ ârkrÙ A¡m¡ _ NC, qaëd rlV$ \C NC. Å¡L¡$ ip¡g¡ S>¡V$gu kamsp Ap qaëd_¡ _ dmu `Z ip¡g¡ bp¡bu_u S>¡d qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ ApV$gu ârkÙ _lp¡su \C.

_kub (1981) : d_dp¡l_ v¡$kpC_u Ap qaëd¡ lufp¡ Ardspc_¡ gC_¡ h^y Apsyfsp S>Nphu lsu.

qaëd qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ r_óZpsp¡A¡ L¡$V$gpL$ ku_ Å¡ep A_¡ s¡dZ¡ cp¿ey„ L¡$ Ardspc_u Ap kp¥\u kam qaëd lp¡hp_u. d_dp¡l_ v¡$kpCA¡ Ardspc, l¡dp dprg_u, iÓyÂ_ tkl, qfiu L$`|f S>¡hp õV$pk® gC_¡ lp¡guh|X$_u qaëdp¡_p¡ dkpgp¡ ccfphu_¡ Å¡fv$pf õV„$V$hpmu A¡hu raëd s¥epf L$fu L¡$ qaëd ãgp¡` \hp_u i¼esp S> _lp¡su.

Älp¡_ Å_u S>_pv®$_... Nusdp„ s¡dZ¡ qaëd DÛp¡N_p dp¡V$p dp¡V$p L$gpL$pfp¡_p¡ i„cyd¡mp¡ bspìep¡. A¡ Nus dpV¡$ `Z gp¡L$p¡ raëd Å¡hp_u gpgQ fp¡L$u iL¡$ A¡d _lp¡sp. Å¡L¡$ v¡$kpC_u Ap qaëd Ly$gu L¡$ dv®$ S>¡V$gu ky`fXy$`f rlV$ _ \C.

L$cu Myiu L$cu Nd (2001) : L$f_ Å¡lf_u Ly$R> Ly$R> lp¡sp l¥, Apqv$Ðe Qp¡`fp_u qv$ghpg¡ vy$ëlr_ep„ g¡ Åe¢N¡, k|fS> bX$ÅÐep_u ld Ap`L¡$ l¦ L$p¥_- Ap b^u qaëdp¡A¡ gp¡L$p¡dp„ cpf¡ ApL$j®Z S>Npìey„ lsy„, Aprv$Ðe_u buÆ qaëd dp¡låbs¢ dpV¡$ `Z gp¡L$p¡dp„ M|b DÐkyL$sp lsu. `Z L¡$3Æ_u hps A_p¡Mu R>¡.

ApV$gu Apsyfsp S>Nphhp_y„ dy¿e L$pfZ qaëddp„ L$pd L$fsp Ardspc, iplfyM, F>[ÐhL$, S>ep bÃQ_, L$pÅ¡g, L$fu_p S>¡hp„ gp¡L$râe õV$pk® R>¡. hmu L$f_ Å¡lf¡ `Z rdqX$epdp„ kpfu A¡hu ipM S>dphu R>¡ A¡_p gu^¡e qaëd_¡ qfrgT \ep `l¡gp„ OZu OZu ârkrÙ dmu lsu.

`Z L$f__u Ap qaëddp„ A¡ b^y„ S> R>¡, S>¡ A¡L$ kam raëddp„ lp¡hy„ Å¡CA¡. A¡ S> L$pfZ¡ gp¡L$p¡_¡ L¡$3Æ dpV¡$ O¡gp L$ep®.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?