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n[N>b{ A§H$
AJñV 26
[.]§§._| V¥U_yb-_mH$[m g_W©H$m| _| g§Kf©,2_a{
o_XZm[wa oOb{ H${ H${e[wa H$ñ]{ _| eoZdma gw]h V¥U_yb H$m§½m«{g Am¡a _m·g©dmXs H$å`wnZñQ [mQu (_mH$[m) H${ g_W©H$m{§ _| hwE g§Kf© _| V¥U_yb H$m§½m«{g H${ H$_ g{ H$_ Xm{ g_W©H$m{§ H$s _¥Ë`w hm{ J`s Am¡a 47 Km`b hm{ JE &
[moH$ñVmZ Z{ ^maVr` AoYH$mar oZH$mbm
[moH$ñVmZ Z{ eoZdma H$m{ Bñbm_m]mX pñWV ^maVr` Cƒm`m{J H{$ EH$ H$_©Mmar [r.gr .S>{ H$m{ `h H$hV{ hþE oZH$mb oX`m oH$ d{ A[Z{ [X Am¡a _`m©XmAm| H{$ AZwê$[ AmMaU Zht H$a ah{ h¢$&
--->
gr]rAmB© H$m"I]ar' [wañH$ma H${ B§VOma _| !
AmñQ>{ob`m H{$ o_eZar J«mh_ ñQw>AQ>© ñQ>{Ýg Am¡a CZH{$ Xm{ ]{Q>m| H{$ H$oWV hË`ma{ Xmam qgh H{$ gmWr H r oJaâVmar _| _XX H$aZ{ dmbr EH$ _ohbm H$m{ BZm_ H$s aH$_ A^r VH$ Zht o_br$&
amO{e [m`bQ> hmXg{ H$s Om§M A^r VH$ AYyar
H$m§J«{g H{$ V{OVam©a Z{Vm amO{e [m`bQ> H$s _¥Ë`w H$m H$maU ]Zr gS>H$ XwK©Q>Zm H$s Om§M amOñWmZ [wobg A^r VH$ [yar Zht H$a [mB© h¡$&
A[Zr ]{Q>r H{$ Am^mar h¢ AÕ©H$am{S>[oV a_{e Xw]{
O] 32 dfu` a_{e Xw]{ H$m Zm_ "H$m¡Z ]Z{Jm H$am{S>[oV' H{$ obE MwZm J`m V^r g{ CÝhm|Z{ A[Zm gm_mÝ` kmZ ]T>mZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr AmR> dfu` ]{Q>r H$s _XX br Wr$&
XojU A\«$sH$m _| _¡M o\$p·g¨J Om§M g{ H«$m{Ý`{ g§Vwï>
XnjU A\«$sH$m H${ [yd© nH«$H${Q H$ámZ h¢gs H«$m{Ý`{ Z{ H$hm h¡ nH$ dh X{e _| _¡M n\$n"g§J _m_b{ H$s Om§M g{ g§Vwï h¡ &
_§w]B© H${ ghma Jm§d _| odñ\$m{Q>>,3 _a{
_§w]B© H${ A§Y{as BbmH${ H${ ghma Jm§d nñWV AÞm ZJa _| eoZdma gw]h hwE ndñ\$m{Q _| Xm{ ]ÀMm{§ gnhV VsZ bm{Jm| H$s _¥Ë`w hm{ J`s & Bg KQZm _| Mma bm{J Km`b hm{ J`{ nOg_{ g{ EH$ _nhbm H$s hmbV J§^sa h¡ &
[mnH$ñVmZ [a bm{H$V§Ì ]hmbr h{Vw amï>Hw$b H$m X]md
amïH$wb H${ _hmgnMd Sm°Z _¡nH$ZZ Z{ H$hm h¡ nH$ dh [mnH$ñVmZ H${ g¡Ý` emgZ H$m AmôdmZ H$a|J{ nH$ `hm§ H${ gwàs_ H$m{Q© Ûmam nZYm©naV VsZ df© H$s g_` gs_m g{ [hb{ X{e _| bm{H$V§Ì ]hmb H$a{ &
Ssnd`g© Z{ ]ñVa _| hdmB© gd}jU H$s AZw_oV _m§Jr
hsa{ H${ ì`dgm` g{ OwSs ]hwamïs` H$§[Zs Ss nd`g© Z{ _Ü`àX{e H${ AmnXdmgs ]hwb ]ñVa nOb{ _| hsa{ gnhV AÝ` ]hw_yë` InZOm{§ H$s Im{O H${ nbE hdmB© gd}jU H$s AZw_nV _m§Js h¡ &
AJñV 25
_ohbmE§...-draß[Z H$s qOXJr _|
bIZD$ H{$ oMoS>`mKa _| Mma OmZda _a{
o[N>b{ EH$ gßVmh _| `hm§ qàg Am\$ d{ëg OybmoOH$b JmS>}Ýg (oMoS>`mKa) _| Mma OmZdam| H$s _m¡V Z{ amÁ` dÝ` OrdZ od^mJ H{$ H$mZ IS>{ H$a oX`{ h¢$&
[ydu CÎmaàX{e _| _pñVîH$ Áda g{ 17 _a{
o[N>b{ 10 oXZm| _| [ydu CÎmaàX{e H{$ Hw$N> ^mJm| _| _hm_mar H$s Vah \¡$b MwH{$ Om[mZr EÝg{\{$bmBoQ>g (_pñVîH$ Ádma) g{ 17 ]ÀMm| H$s _¥Ë`w hm{ J`r Am¡a 78 Añ[Vmb _| ^Vr© h¢$&
bm{H$g^m H$m _mZgyZ gÌ ñWoJV
]§X{ _mVa_ H$s YwZ H${ gmW bm{H$g^m H$m _mZgyZ gÌ ewH«$dma H$m{ g_má hm{ J`m Am¡a gXZ H$s H$m`©dmhs AnZnüVH$mb H${ nb`{ ñWnJV hm{ J`s &
Oå_y j{Ì _| ohO]wb H$_m§S>a gohV 4 CJ«dmXr _a{
Oå_y j{Ì _| gwajm ]bm§{ H${ amV ^a H${ An^`mZ _| nhO]wb _wOmnhÔsZ H${ H$§_mSa g_{V Mma AmV§H$dmnX`m{§ H$m{ _ma nJam`m &
"PmaI§S _| g_W©Z X{Z{ [a hr amOJ H$m gmW '
PmaI§S _wnº$ _m{Mm© Z{ H$hm h¡ nH$ amïs` OZVm§nÌH$ JR]§YZ Z{ PmaI§S amÁ` _| gaH$ma ]ZmZ{ _| CZH${ Xb H$m{ g_W©Z Zht nX`m Vm{ [mQu A[Zm \$¡gbm b{Z{ H${ nbE ñdV§Ì hm{Js &
NËVsgJT amÁ` 1 Zd§]a g{ AnñËmËd _|-oXp½dO`
_Ü`àX{e g{ AbJ hm{H$a ]ZZ{ dmbm àñVmndV NËVsgJT amÁ` AmJm_s EH$ Zd§]a g{ AnñËmËd _| Am Om`{Jm &
odíd Y_© gå_{bZ _| XbmB© bm_m Am_§oÌV Zht
g§`wº$ amï _hmgnMd H$m{\$s AÞmZ Z{ Ymn_©H$ Z{VmAm{§ H${ EH$ gå_{bZ _| XbmB© bm_m H$m{ MsZ H${ X]md H${ H$maU Zht ]wbmE OmZ{ [a Ambm{MZmAm{§ H$m Odm] oX`m $&
H$í_ra - Bg df© A] VH$ 1857 AmV§H$dmXs _a{
H$í_sa _| Bg df© A] VH$ 1857 AmV§H$dmXs _ma{ J`{ VWm 438 nJaâVma nH$`{ J`{ & CZH${ [mg g{ 2600 nH$bm{½m«m_ g{ AnYH$ AmaSsE·g VWm AÝ` ndñ\$m{QH$ [XmW© OãV nH$`m J`m &
"Sãë`y Qs Am{ Jar] X{em| H{$ obE ]wam g[Zm '
ndíd ì`m[ma g§JRZ (Sãë`y Qs Am{ ) H${ esf©ñW AnYH$mna`m{§ Z{ g§`wº$ $amï _mZdmnYH$ma CÀMm`wº$ _{as am{n]ZgZ H$m{ nbI{ EH$ [Ì _| Cg na[m{Q© [a J§^sa nM§Vm Omnha H$s h¡ nOg_| Bg g§ñWm H$m{ Jas] X{em{§ H${ nbE EH$
XwñdßZ ]Vm`m J`m h¡ &
OmO© ñ[{Q> AXmbV _§{ [{e,_m\$s [a odMma
n\$Os _| nJaâVma ndÐm{hs Z{Vm OmO© ñ[{Q H$m{ A[XñW àYmZ_§Ìs _h{ÝÐ Mm¡Yas Am¡a CZH$s gaH$ma H${ gh`m{nJ`m{§ H$m{ ]§YH$ ]ZmZ{ H${ _m_b{ _| AmO Ý`m`mb` _| [{e nH$`m J`m &
odÎm Am`m{J H$m oX`m H$m{B© N>rZ Zht gH$Vm-o]hma
n]hma H${ g^s Xbm{§ H${ gm§gXm{§ Z{ H${ÝÐs` H$am{§ _| n[NS{ amÁ`m{§ H$m{ nde{f nhñgm X{Z{ H$s ½`mahd| ndËV Am`m{J H$s AZwe§gm H$m ñdmJV H$aV{ hwE H${ÝÐ H$m{ Bg_| nH$gs Vah H$s H$Qm¡Vs Zht H$aZ{ H$s M{VmdZs Xs h¡ &
CÎma àX{e _| o[Vm H$s Jm{br g{ [wÌ _am
CËVa àX{e H${ _wOâ\$aZJa eha _| _| WmZm ngndb bmB§g H${ A§V½m©V _m{hëbm Y_©[was _| n[Vm H${ V_§M{ g{ AMmZH$ Jm{bs MbZ{ H${ H$maU CgH{$ Mma dfu` [wÌ H$s _¥Ë`w hm{ J`s &
H$B© [nadma g_má hm{ J`{ Jë\$ E`a XwK©Q>Zm _|
]hasZ _| hwB© E`a ]g-320 nd_mZ XwK©QZm _| _ma{ JE 143 ì`nº$`m{§ _| 30 ]ÀM{ h¡ & Bg nd_mZ _| `mÌm H$a ah{ H$B© [nadma [yas Vah g{ g_má hm{ JE h¢ &
em§nVnZH${VZ H{$ S>m°. ogÝhm X{e H{$ gd©l{ð> JoUVk
[píM_ ]§Jmb _| em§nVnZH${VZ pñWV ndíd^maVs ndídndÚmb` H${ H$wb[nV Sm0 nXbs[ H$w_ma ngÝhm H$m{ X{e H$m gd©l{ð JnUVk MwZm
J`m h¡ $&
H$m¡Z ]Z{Jm _w»`_§Ìr (N>ÎmrgJT> H$m)?
M§X _hrZm| _| ]ZZ{ Om ah{ Z`{ amÁ` N>ÎmrgJT> H$m _w»`_§Ìr H¡$gm hm{, Bg gdmb H$m{ N>m{S>H$a gÎmmê$T> H$m§J«{g _| A§Xê$Zr Vm¡a [a `h K_mgmZ _Mm h¡ oH$ _w»`_§Ìr H$m¡Z hm{Jm AmoXdmgr `m J¡aAmoXdmgr$&
AJñV 24
H$m¡Z ]Z{Jm _w»`_§Ìr (N>ÎmrgJT> H$m)?
M§X _hrZm| _| ]ZZ{ Om ah{ Z`{ amÁ` N>ÎmrgJT> H$m _w»`_§Ìr H¡$gm hm{, Bg gdmb H$m{ N>m{S>H$a gÎmmê$T> H$m§J«{g _| A§Xê$Zr Vm¡a [a `h K_mgmZ _Mm h¡ oH$ _w»`_§Ìr H$m¡Z hm{Jm AmoXdmgr `m J¡aAmoXdmgr$&
^maV Z{ [moH$ñVmZr XyVmdmg H$m EH$ H$_©Mmar oZH$mbm
Omgygr H{$ Amam{[ _| ^maV Z{ [moH$ñVmZr XyVmdmg H{$ EH$ H$_©Mmar H$m{
erK« X{e N>m{S>H$a Mb{ OmZ{ H{$ AmX{e oXE h¢$&
_ehya g§JsVH$ma H$ë`mU Os Zht ah{
_ehya g§JsVH$ma Om{Sr H$ë`mU Os-AmZ§XOs H${ à_wI ñV§^ H$ë`mUOs
H$m Jwédma H$m{ _w§]B© H${ ]«rM H$¢Ss Añ[Vmb _| b§]s ]s_mas H${ ]mX
nZYZ hm{ J`m &
B_amZ ImZ od[jr JR>]§YZ g{ oZH$mb{ JE
[moH$ñVmZ H{$ ^yV[yd© oH«$H{$Q>a VWm VharH{$ B§gm\$ Zm_H$ amOZroVH$ Xb
H{$ Z{Vm B_amZ ImZ H$m{ [moH$ñVmZr od[j H{$ _hmJR>]§YZ g{ oZH$mb
oX`m J`m h¡$
N>ÎmrgJT> _| amOYmZr,hmBH$m{Q>© H$m PJS>m Om{am| [a
_Ü` àX{e H{$ oZ_m©UH$mb g{ hr BgH$m Ao^ÝZ A§J ahm N>ÎmrgJT>
A§Mb Ohm§ A[Z{ Z`{ amÁ` H{$ ê$[ _| ñWmo[V hm{Z{ H$s Iwoe`m| _| Sy>]m h¡, dht `hm§ amOYmZr
Am¡a hmB©H$m{Q>© H{$ ñWmZ H$m{ b{H$a C[O{ oddmX H$s b[Q>| oXZm|oXZ V{O hm{Vr Om ahr h
H$í_ra-6 CJ«dmoX`m|,1 OdmZ gohV 11 _a{
Oå_y- H$í_sa H${ [w§N g{·Qa _| Jwédma H$m{ gwajm ]bm{§ H${ hmWm{§ Nh
Kwg[¡nR`{ _ma{ JE O]nH$ Oå_y j{Ì _| ndn^Þ AmV§H$dmXs JnVndnY`m{§ _|
g{Zm H${ EH$ OdmZ gnhV [m§M bm{J _ma{ JE &
_hmamï H${ OmbZm nOb{ _| odfmº$ ^m{OZ g{ 4 _a{
_hmamï H${ OmbZm nOb{ H$s ]XZm[wa VmbwH$m H${ dmH$wbmZs Qm§Sm _| ^m{OZ ndfmº$ hm{{Z{ g{ EH$ hs [nadma H${ Mma bm{Jm{§ H$s ]wYdma H$m{ _m¡V hm{ JB© &
`yna`m Km{Qmb{ H$m _w»` An^`wº$ n[§Qm{ ^maV bm`m J`m
`yna`m Km{Qmb{ H${ _w»` An^`wº$ E B© n[§Qm{ H$m{ Jwédma H$m{ n]«Q>{Z g{ àË`[©U H$a oX„r bm`m J`m &
`yEB© H{$ gmW [a_mUw gh`m{J Zht-[moH$ñVmZ
[mnH$ñVmZ Z{ Bg g_mMma H$m{ nZamYma ]Vm`m h¡ nH$ g§`wº$ Aa] A_samV H${ gmW CgH$m [a_mUw gh`m{J h¡ &
Om[mZr àoV]§Ym| H$m{ AmoW©H$ àoV]§Y Z g_P|-_m{ar
Om[mZ H${ àYmZ_§Ìs `m{neam{ _m{as Z{ H$hm h¡ nH$ [a_mUw [asjUm{§ H${ ]mX ^maV H${ nIbm\$ bJm`{ J`{ ànV]§Y dmñVd _| AmnW©H$ ànV]§Y Zhs h¢$&
oÌ[wam _| N>m[m_mam| Z{ gwajmH$_u _ma Mm` ]mJmZ byQ>m
[nü_s nÌ[wam _| ]wYdma amV AmnXdmgs Nm[m_mam{§ Z{ EH$ Mm` ]mJmZ H$_u H$m{ _ma nX`m Am¡a Bg KQZm _| EH$ H$_u Km`b hm{ J`m ,BgH{$ ]mX CÝhm|{Z{ `hm§ O_H$a byQ>[mQ> H$s &
Z_©Xm ]MmAm{ Am§Xm{bZ H${ 500 H$m`©H$Vm© ]§Xr
Z_©Xm ]MmAm{ Am§Xm{bZ H${ 30H$m`©H$Vm©Am{§ H$m{ [wnbg Z{ Jwédma gw]h dSm{Xam _| Am¡a 500 AÝ` bm{Jm{§ H$m{ Sm{_I{Ss _| ]§Xs ]Zm nb`m &
^m{[mb _| odfmº$ àgmX odVaU-5 oJaâVma
_Ü`àX{e H$s amOYmZs ^m{[mb H${ C[ZJa ]¡amJT _| àXynfV ImÚ gm_½m«s H${ g{dZ g{ bJ^J EH$ hOma ì`nº$`m{§ H${ ]s_ma hm{Z{ H${ ngbngb{ _| Jwédma H$m{ [m§M bm{Jm{§ H$m{ nJaâVma nH$`m J`m h¡ &
C.à. H$s B§XaàrV H$m¡a Jë\$ E`a XwK©Q>Zm H$s oeH$ma
]wYdma amV XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV hþE Jë\$ E`a od_mZ H{$ _¥VH$m| _| CÎma àX{e H$s B§XaàrV H$m¡a ^r emo_b h¢ $& gwlr H$m¡a Jë\$ E`ad{O H$s XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV E`a ]g-320 H{$ MmbH$ Xb H«y$ _| emo_b Wt $&
"a§Jm'H$m{ lÕm§Oob X{Z{ AmO bm{H$g^m-amÁ`g^m ñWoJV
H${ÝÐs` COm© _§Ìs a§JamOZ H$w_ma_§Jb_ H$m{ ^md^sZs lÕm§Onb An[©V H$aZ{ H${ ]mX AmO g§gX H${ Xm{Zm{§ gXZm{§ H$s H$m`©dmhs n]Zm H$m{B© H$m_H$mO nH$E Jwédma VH$ H${ nbE ñWnJV H$a Xs JB©&
gámh ^a _| H$mZ[wa _| 268 X{er ]_ OãV
OÝ_mï>_r H{$ Adga [a ]wYdma H$m{ H$mZ[wa _| EH$ odñ\$m{Q> _| VrZ ]ÀM{ O»_r hm{ J`{ O]oH$ [wobg H$s gßVmh ^a H$s Vbmer H$ma©dmB© _| H$B© BbmH$m| g{ 268 X{gr ]_ ]am_X oH$E JE &
H{$ab H{$ H$mb{Om| _| Ym{Vr-MyS>rXma [hZZ{ [a h§Jm_m
N>mÌ-N>mÌmAm| H{$ obE oZYm©naV d{f ^yfm g§ohVm H$m{ b{H$a H{$ab H{$ Xm{ H$mb{Om{§ _| oXbMñ[ O§J oN>S>r h¡$&
Am§Y« àX{e _| ^mar dfm© g{ 70 _a{
C.à.-OrVt Vm{ _ohbmE§ [a "emgZ' [oV`m| H$m..
draß[Z g{ Xyga{ Xm¡a H$s ]mV H$a Jm{[mb bm¡Q>{
]harZ _| Jë\$ E`a H$m od_mZ XwK©Q>ZmJ«ñV,143 _a{
Hw$_ma_§Jb_ [§MVËd _| odbrZ
_w§]B© _| ES²g am{Jr Ûmam [ËZr,]ƒm| gohV AmË_hË`m
AJñV 23
- ^maV-[mH$ gr_mdVu Jm§d H$bmb H$m Am§Im| X{Im hmb
Hw$_ma_§Jb_ [§MVËd _| odbrZ
H|$Ðr` D$Om© _§Ìr [r.Ama. Hw$_ma_§Jb_ H$m ]wYdma em_ ZB© oX„r H{$ odÚwV ed Xmh J¥h _| A§oV_ g§ñH$ma H$a oX`m J`m$& CZH{$ [wÌ _m{hZ Hw$_ma_§Jb_ Z{ CZH$m A§n§V_ g§ñH$ma oH$`m &
_w§]B© _| ES²g am{Jr Ûmam [ËZr,]ƒm| gohV AmË_hË`m
_w§]B© _|" ]{ñQ' H$s > Am°o\$gg© H$m°bm{Zr _| ahZ{ dmb{ EH$ Bb{n·QH$b B§OroZ`a Z{ A[Zr [ËZr VWm 2 ]ÀMm| H$m{ Oha X{H$a _maZ{ H{$ ]mX IwX ^r Oha [rH$a AmË_hË`m H$aZ{ H$m à`mg oH$`m$&
[píM_ ]§Jmb _| H$í_rar AmV§H$dmXr [H$S>m J`m
[píM_ ]§Jmb H{$ CËVas24 [aJZm nOb{ _| VmH$s Zm_H$ OJh g{ [mnH$ñVmZs Iwn\$`m EO§{gs "AmB© EgAmB© ' H${ EO{ÝQ H$í_sas AmV§H$dmXs Jwbm_ ^Å H$m{ _§Jbdma H$m{ nJaâVma nH$`m J`m h¡$&
amOH$w_ma H$m{ Nw>S>mZ{ _| X{ar- _¡gya ]§X g\$b
H$ÞS n\$ë_ An^Z{Vm amOH$w_ma H$m{ _wº$ H$amZ{ _| ndbå] H${ ndam{Y _| _¡gya Ed§ _m§S²_m _| ]wYdma H$m{ Am`m{nOV ]§X [yU© ê$[ g{ g\$b ahm,]§X g{ `hm§ H$m OZOsdZ R[ hm{ J`m &
oH«$H${Q _¡M n\$n·g§J H$s Om§M g{ gr]rAmB© g§Vwï>
oH«$H${Q _| _¡M n\$n·g§J _m_b{ H$s Om§M H$a ah{ gs]sAmB© Xb H${ à_wI Ama EZ gdmZs n[Nb{ Mma _hsZm{§ g{ Mb ahs Om§M H$s àJnV g{ g§Vwï h¢ $&
Am§Üm«àX{e _| ^mas dfm© g{ V]mhr ,18 _a{
Am§Üm«àX{e _| ^mas ]mnae H${ H$maU hw`s XwK©QZmAm{§§ H${ H$maU _§Jbdma amV g{ A^s VH$ 18 ì`nº$`m{§ H$s _m¡V hm{ J`s h¡ & 5000 ì`nº$`m| H$m{ gwan§jV BbmH$m{§ _| [hw§Mm`m J`m h¡ &
amOñWmZ _| H$a§Q> bJZ{ g{ 70 ^¢g| _at
amOñWmZ H${ ]mam§ nOb{ H${ Jm{ndÝX[wam Jm§d _| _§Jbdma H$m{
EH$ Zmb{ _| ]¡Rs H$as] 70 ^¢g{ n]Obs H$m H$aÝQ bJZ{ g{ _a JBª &
o]hma H{$ _wOâ\$a[wa _| odñ\$m{Q>, 10 _a{
CÎma o]hma H{$ à_wI eha _wOâ\$a[wa _| _§Jbdma X{a amV EH$ _H$mZ _| hþE ^`mZH$ odñ\$m{Q> _| _ohbm Am¡a ]ÀMm| gohV 10 bm{Jm| H$m{ OmZ g{ hmW Ym{Zm [S>m h¡$&
Hw$_ma_§Jb_ H{$ oZYZ [a Mmam| Am{a em{H$ bha $
amï[nV H${ Ama Zmam`UZ, àYmZ_§Ìs AQbn]hmas dmO[{`s , H${ÝÐs` _§nÌ_§Sb H${ Abmdm H$B© H${ÝÐs` _§nÌ`m{§ ,AZ{H$ JU_mÝ` ì`nº$`m{§ Z{ H${ÝÐs` D$Om© _§Ìs [sAma H$w_ma_§Jb_ H${ nZYZ [a Jham em{H$ ì`º$ nH$`m h¡ &
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