`pV$Z_u âcysp : c|sL$pmdp„ A¡L$ _S>f
X$p¡. _fp¡Ñd hpm„v$
rhfdNpd\u hY$hpZ (kyf¡ÞÖ_Nf) sfa_p¡ `„\L$ s¡ hqY$epf NZpe R>¡. A¡ âv¡$idp„ `„Qpkf _Nfdp„ QphX$p W$pL$p¡f S>eriMfu fpÄe L$fsp¡ lsp¡. cyhX$ kp\¡_u gX$pCdp„ s¡ dpep£ Nep¡. s¡_u kNcp® fpZu ê$`k„yv$fu Æh_ bQphhp h_dp„ cpNu R|>V$u. Ðep„ S>¥_pQpe® rigNyZk|qfA¡ s¡_¡ Apîe Apàep¡. rh.k„. 752_p h¥ipM kyv$ 15_p qv$hk¡ s¡Z¡ `yÓ_¡ S>Þd Apàep¡. s¡ h_fpS> L$l¡hpep¡.
dp¡V$p¡ \sp„ s¡Z¡ `p¡sp_p cfhpX$ rdÓ AZrlg_u klpe\u kfõhsu _v$u_¡ suf¡ gpMpfpd Npd lsy„, Ðep„ AZrlg`yf `pV$Z hkpìey„ A_¡ `p¡sp_u W$L$fps Ðep„ õ\p`u. A¡ _Nf_y„ sp¡fZ rh.k„. 802_p h¥ipM kyv$ buS>_¡ kp¡dhpf¡ b„^pey„. Ap _Nf s¡ ApS>_p `pV$Z_p¡ âpQu_ Ahspf.
"`pV$Z' iåv$ k„õL©$s `Ñ_ `f\u Aph¡gp¡ R>¡ A_¡ "_Nf'_p A\®dp„ h`fpe R>¡. kde S>sp„ "AZrlg`yf' iåv$ rhkfpC Nep¡ A_¡ dpÓ "`pV$Z' iåv$ S> füp¡.
k|qfÆ_p Apiuhp®v$\u h_fpS> fpÅ bÞep¡, A¡V$g¡ s¡Z¡ A¡L$ Q¥Ðe b„^pìey„ A_¡ `„Qpkf _Nfdp„\u `pð®_p\Æ_u ârsdp_u Al] ârsóW$p L$fphu. Ap Q¥Ðe "`„Qpkfp `pð®_p\ su\®' sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpey„. s¡ D`fp„s s¡Z¡ "h_fpS> rhlpf', "L„$V¡$ðfu âpkpv$', "AZrlg¡ðf r_L¡$s_' A_¡ "^hgN©l' b„^pìep„. h_fpS> `R>u ep¡NfpS>¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 806-841) ep¡Nuðfu d„qv$f b„^pìey„.
kp¡g„L$u h„i_p d|mfpS> `l¡gpA¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 942-997) rkÙ`yfdp„ 125 awV$ KQp¡, 11 dpm_p¡ fyÖ dlpge b„^phu õ\p`Ðe L$mp_u Adf L©$rs Ap`u. A¡ D`fp„s `pV$Zdp„ "d|mfpS> hkrlL$p' _pd¡ S>¥_ v¡$fpkf, dy„Åg v¡$h âpkpv$, rÓ`yfyj âpkpv$ A_¡ d„X$gu Npddp„ d|m¡ïhf dlpv¡$h_y„ d„qv$f b„^pìey„. s¡_p `R>u Qpdy„X$ fpS>¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 997-1010) Q„Ö_p\ A_¡ QprQZ¡ðf_p„ rihd„qv$f b„^pìep„.
s¡ `R>u vy$g®cfpS>¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 1010\u 1022) `pV$Zdp„ vy$g®ckf _pd¡ smph A_¡ dv$_i„L$f âpkpv$ rihd„qv$f b„^pìep„. cudv¡$h `l¡gpA¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 1022-1064) cud¡ðf dlpv¡$h, d¡fy âpkpv$ A_¡ cË$pqfL$pv¡$hu âpkpv$ b„^pìep„. s¡_u `Ð_u Dv$edsuA¡ ky„v$f hph b„^phu, S>¡ fpZu_u hph sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpe R>¡. cpfsue rië`-õ\p`Ðe_p DÑd _d|_pê$` A¡ NZpe R>¡. cudv¡$h_p fpÄe d„Óu v$pdp¡v$f dl¡spA¡ hph\u \p¡X¡$ v|$f A¡L$ L|$hp¡ b„^pìep¡, S>¡ v$pdp¡v$f L|$hp sfuL¡$ Ap¡mMpep¡.
L$Z®v¡$h (`l¡gp) kp¡g„L$uA¡ (fpÄeL$pm C. 1064-1094) Apip`ëgu_p Apip cug_¡ lfphu_¡ kpbfdsu _v$u_¡ L$p„W¡$ L$Zp®hsu _Nfu hkphu A_¡ L$Z®dy¼s¡ïhf dlpv¡$h_y„ d„qv$f b„^pìey„. s¡Z¡ `pV$Zdp„ L$Z®d¡fy âpkpv$, dp¡Y$¡fp `pk¡ L$d®kpNf smph A_¡ smph_p qL$_pf¡ L$Z£ðf dlpv¡$h_y„ d„qv$f b„^pìep„. M„cpsdp„ `Z S>¥_ v¡$fpkfp¡ s¡Z¡ b„^pìep„.
s¡_p¡ `yÓ rkÙfpS> (fpÄeL$pm C. 1094-1143) `fp¾$du A_¡ rhÛpfrkL$ fpÅ lsp¡. s¡Z¡ d|mfpS>_p¡ A^|fp¡ fl¡gp¡ fyÖdlpge `|Z® L$fpìep¡, `pV$Zdp„ klötgN kfp¡hf b„^pìey„ A_¡ s¡_u `pk¡ L$urs®õs„c dyL$pìep¡. dpmhp_u ^pfp_Nfu_p rhS>e `R>u s¡Z¡ Ðep„_p¡ N°„\c„X$pf Å¡ep¡ A_¡ `pV$Zdp„ `Z Aphu rhÛpL$ue âh©rÑ \pe A¡hu Arcgpjp ÅNu. s¡\u s¡Z¡ S>¥_ k|qf L$rgL$pgkh®o l¡dQ„ÖpQpe®_¡ rh_„su L$fu. `qfZpd¡ s¡dZ¡ "rkÙl¡d' _pd¡ ìepL$fZ A_¡ AÞe ip÷N°„\p¡ fÃep. A¡ fus¡ `p¡sp_p `p„qX$Ðe_u kp¥_¡ âsurs L$fphu.
"rkÙl¡d' ìepL$fZ_p N°„\_¡ kÞdp_hp `pV$Z _Nfdp„ s¡_p¡ hfOp¡X$p¡ L$pY$hpdp„ Apìep¡. s¡ N°„\_¡ fpÅ_u khpfu_p lp\u_u A„bpX$udp„ `^fphu_¡ D`f ð¡s R>Ó ^fhpdp„ Apìey„ A_¡ b„_¡ bpSy> Qpdf a¡fhpsp„ lsp„. `pV$Zdp„ A¡_u ip¡cpepÓp hMs¡ DÐkpl_y„ hpsphfZ Åçey„ lsy„. fpÅ, k|qfÆ A_¡ _NfS>_p¡ `N¡ Qpgsp Aphsp lsp. R>¡hV¡$ N°„\_¡ _uQ¡ Dspfu_¡ fpÅA¡ s¡_y„ `|S>_ L$ey¯. `R>u fpS>kcp_p rhÜp_p¡ kdn A¡_y„ `W$_ L$fhpdp„ Apìey„. kfõhsu v¡$hu_y„ Aphy„ cìe kÞdp_ \ey„ lp¡e A¡hy„ dpÓ NyS>fpsdp„ L¡$ cpfsdp„ S> _l], `f„sy S>Nscfdp„ Ap A¡L$ S> Dv$plfZ R>¡.
rkÙfpS> A`yÓ d©Ðey `pdsp„ Ly$dpf`pg (fpÄeL$pm C. 1143-1174) Npv$uA¡ Apìep¡. s¡Z¡ ipL„$cfu_p fpÅ AZp£fpS>_p¡ `fpS>e L$ep£ A¡ s¡_y„ kyârkÙ `fp¾$d NZpe R>¡. Ly$dpf`pg¡ kp¡d_p\_p¡ dlpâpkpv$ b„^pìep¡. r`sp_p î¡ep\£ s¡Z¡ rÓcyh_ rhlpf b„^pìep„. s¡ D`fp„s "Ly$dpf`pg¡ðf' rihd„qv$f A_¡ "Ly$dpfrhlpf' rS>_d„qv$f b„^pìep„.
rh.k. 802 (C. 746)\u QphX$p h„i_y„ `pV$_Nf b_¡gp A_¡ kp¡g„L$u h„i_p ipk_ v$frdep_ NyS>fps_p `pV$_Nf sfuL¡$ ârsóW$p `pd¡gp AZrlghpX$ `pV$Z¡ kpX$p R> isL$ ky^u kpfu Ålp¡S>gpgu cp¡Nhu. s¡dp„e rkÙfpS> A_¡ Ly$dpf`pg_p kdedp„ sp¡ `pV$Z_u ârsóW$p `fpL$póW$pA¡ `lp¢Qu. kp¡g„L$u eyNdp„ fyÖdlpge, dp¡Y¡$fp_y„ k|e®d„qv$f, kp¡d_p\_y„ cìe d„qv$f, `pV$Z_u fpZu_u hph A_¡ klötgN kfp¡hf s¡d S> k¢L$X$p¡ v¡$hpgep¡, rS>_pgep¡, S>mpiep¡ A_¡ rhlpfp¡ bp„^hpdp„ Apìep„ lsp„. Ap õ\p`Ðep¡ bp„^hp `pR>m hjp£_u S>l¡ds A_¡ L$fp¡X$p¡ ê$r`ep_p¡ MQ® \ep¡ lsp¡.
Ap õ\p`Ðep¡dp„ kh®î¡óW$ s¡ fpZu_u hph R>¡. kfõhsu _v$udp„ D`fpD`fu `|f Aphhp\u Ap hph c|Nc®dp„ v$V$pC NC lsu. 1986dp„ `yfpsÒh MpspA¡ s¡_y„ `y_fyÐ\p_ L$pe® iê$ L$ey¯. d|mdp„ kps dS>gp_u, _„v$p âL$pf_u Ap hph_p `p„Q dS>gp S>mhpep R>¡. kyX$p¡m ifuf A_¡ L$d_ue A„Nhmp„L$p¡ ^fphsu, gphÎe, gÄÅ A_¡ gprgÐe_p¡ AprhóL$pf L$fsu gg_pAp¡_p„ rhrh^ rië`p¡ Al] Å¡hp dm¡ R>¡. _©Ðe, Npe_ A_¡ hpv$_ L$fsu AàkfpAp¡, _hep¥h__u dyÁ^sp A_¡ r_v$p£j d_p¡cphp¡ ìe¼s L$fsu L$ÞepAp¡, _preL$pAp¡, _pNL$ÞepAp¡ A_¡ ernZuAp¡_p„ rië`p¡\u kdN° hph kp¦v$e®kcf b_u flu R>¡, ÅZ¡ L¡$ `Õ\fdp„ L$p¡sfpe¡gu L$rhsp!
i¥h, h¥óZh A_¡ ip¼s k„âv$pe_¡ gNsp„ A_¡L$ `p¥fprZL$ âk„Np¡_p„ rië`p¡ Å¡sp„ gpN¡ R>¡ L¡$, ÅZ¡ `pjpZ_p„ `©óW$p¡ `f Apg¡Mpe¡gp„ `yfpZp¡! _©Ðe A_¡ i©„Npf_p„ A¡V$gp„ b^p„ rië`p¡ R>¡ L¡$ ip÷N°„\p¡dp„_p„ ×ô$p„sp¡ Al] rië`ê$`¡ kpL$pf \ep„ lp¡e A¡d gpN¡ R>¡.
cpfs kfL$pf_p B[ÞX$e_ Ap¡Bg L$p¡`p£f¡i_ (ApB-.Ap¡.ku.) Üpfp kdN° v¡$idp„\u âpQu_ L$gphpfkp¡ ^fphsp„ rië` õ\p`Ðep¡_u ApW$ S>¡V$gu Bdpfsp¡_¡ v$ÑL$ gC_¡ s¡_p¡ rhL$pk L$fhp_u ep¡S>_p lp\ ^fpC R>¡ s¡dp„ kdN° NyS>fpsdp„\u dpÓ `pV$Z_u A¥rslprkL$ fpZu_u hph_u `k„v$Nu L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. Ðep„ rhipm bNuQp¡ b_phpC füp¡ R>¡. Ðep„_p rië` õ\p`Ðe_¡ hfkpv$, sX$L$p¡ A_¡ A[Á_\u kyfrns fpMhp_u sL¡$v$pfu g¡hpC flu R>¡.
rkÙfpS>¡ b„^ph¡gp klötgN kfp¡hf_p `X$\pf `f 1008 rihpgep¡, 108 v¡$hud„qv$fp¡, A¡L$ v$iphspf d„qv$f, klötgN_u r_dp®ZL$\p_¡ Apg¡Msp¡ L$urs®õs„c A_¡ L$p„W$p `pk¡ v¡$hd„qv$fp¡ A_¡ rhÛpdW$p¡ lsp„. ApSy>bpSy> DÛp_p¡ lsp„. `pV$Z_p _NfS>_p¡_y„ Ap rhlpf^pd lsy„. "L$urs®L$p¥dyv$u'L$pf kp¡d¡ðf¡ klötgN_y„ A_¡ L$urs®õs„c_y„ L$ë`_p¡Ñ¡S>L$ hZ®_ L$ey¯ R>¡. klötgN AZrlg`yf_u _Nfîu_y„ dp¡V$pdp„ dp¡Vy„$ Np¥fh lsy„.
kfp¡hfdp„ `pZu gphhp dpV¡$ kfõhsu _v$udp„\u A¡L$ _l¡f L$pY$hpdp„ Aph¡gu. _v$udp„ `|f Aph¡ Ðepf¡ kfp¡hf cfpC S>sy„ A_¡ h^y `pZu Aph¡ Ðepf¡ kfp¡hf R>gL$pC_¡ s¡_y„ `pZu il¡fdp„ `¡ku _ Åe s¡ dpV¡$ kpdu bpSy>A¡ `pZu _uL$mhp_y„ Üpf d|L$hpdp„ Aph¡gy„. _l¡f hpV¡$ Aphsy„ `pZu ku^y„ kfp¡hfdp„ _ S>sp„ dp¡V$p fyÖL|$`dp„ W$ghpsy„. `pZudp„_p¡ L$pv$h W$fu_¡ L|$hp_p srme¡ S>dp \sp¡ A_¡ õhÃR> S>m kfp¡hfdp„ kfu S>sy„. kfp¡hf bpf¡dpk S>mkcf fl¡sy„. l¡dQ„ÖpQpe£ "Üepîe' L$pìedp„ klötgN_y„ rhNshpf L$pìepÐdL$ hZ®_ L$ey¯ R>¡.
dp¡Ng kÑp v$frdep_ AL$bf_p¡ hÆf bl¡fpdMp_ `pV$Z Apìep¡ Ðepf¡ s¡Z¡ klötgN kfp¡hfdp„ _p¥L$prhlpf L$ep£ lsp¡, A¡hp¡ Dëg¡M R>¡. kde S>sp„, k„cpm_p Acph¡, kfp¡hf L$pv$h\u `yfpC Ney„ _¡ _L$pdy„ b_u Ney„. `R>u dp¡Ng kdedp„ Mp_ kfp¡hf b„^pey„. ê$`¡Z _v$udp„\u _l¡f L$pY$u_¡ s¡dp„ `pZu hpmhpdp„ Apìey„. v$pdpÆfph NpeL$hpX¡$ Mp_ kfp¡hf_p L$p„W¡$ rihd„qv$f b„^pìey„.
skhufp¡ :
(1) fpZu_u hph (`pV$Z)_p ÓuÅ dS>g¡ Aph¡gu v$uhpg `f L$[ëL$ Ahspf drljpkyf dqv®$_u_u ârsdpAp¡
(2) `pV$Z_p ÓZ v$fhpÅ
kp¥S>Þe : "NyS>fps' v$u`p¡Ðkhu A„L$ 2002
hp„Qp¡ `pV$Z_u âcysp_p¡ A„rsd cpN