IMAGE: Canada's Evan Dunfee poses as he celebrates winning bronze at the 2019 Doha world championships. Photograph: Aleksandra Szmigiels / ReutersWhile most of his rivals prepared for the 50 kilometre race walk at the 2019 Doha world championships by warming up in full track suits in the 32 degrees Celsius heat, Evan Dunfee did the polar opposite.
The 33-year-old Canadian spent the minutes before the race immersed in an ice bath trying to lower his core temperature before racing in the Persian Gulf.
The strategy paid off.
Fourteen walkers succumbed to the conditions and did not finish and Dunfee passed one wilting rival after another to win bronze.
Five years since the event in Doha and three years after the Tokyo Olympics were the hottest on record, the potential for similarly searing temperatures is a concern at the Paris Games.
In a warming world, heat acclimatisation has moved rapidly from the fringes of sports science into the mainstream.
Heat adaptation is now an integral part of athletes' training programmes and failure to buy into the various strategies on offer can make the difference between a medal and the dreaded did not finish (DNF).
The Paris Games open on July 26, roughly the same time that Parisians sweated through an extreme heat wave last year, when temperatures above 40 C resulted in more than 5,000 deaths in France.
Most athletes will have done heat training before arriving in Paris, with working out in a heat chamber one of the more advanced methods.
Even on the coldest days in North England, the temperature inside Manchester Metropolitan University's environmental chamber can be set at a scorching 40C and 70% humidity.
"We're capable of replicating any environmental conditions in the world," said Dale Read, a sports performance lecturer at the university.
Key physiological adaptations become measurable after a few days of vigorous training in the chamber, Read added.
Lower core body temperature, heart rate and skin temperature are some of the main benefits. Blood volume, cardiac output and the ability to sweat all improve.
There is also a perceptual shift as athletes feel better equipped mentally to deal with the heat.
"The benefit athletes get from this type of preparation is profoundly important," said Ollie Jay, professor of heat and health at the University of Sydney.
Core temperature is key because performance wanes as it rises.
Data from professional cyclists, said Jay, shows they can reach 41.5C with no heat-related illness.
"They're highly conditioned professional athletes and they can tolerate these higher core temperatures. When you're heat acclimated, you need a higher internal temperature to cause cellular damage," Jay added.
Not all heat acclimatisation strategies have to be high tech.
Training in a hot climate and during the hottest time of the day can have the same effect as a climate chamber, while a hot bath or sauna after sessions can also benefit.
Some athletes train in greenhouses. Others wear extra layers.
American mountain biker Christopher Blevins says heat training has become imperative as global temperatures rise.
Dunfee now views hot weather as a competitive advantage. Race walkers keep cool by wearing ice-filled scarves or hats. Women stuff bags of ice down their sports bras.
"When you consider how much of your life you spend training, to not do these last tiny little microscopic percentages could make a big difference in the grand scheme of things," he said.
