Russian President Vladimir Putin "probably approved" the murder of former KGB agent Alexander Litvinenko who died in a London hospital in November 2006 from radioactive poisoning, a British public inquiry concluded on Thursday.
Litvinenko died days after being poisoned with radioactive polonium-210, which he is believed to have drunk in a cup of tea.
The finding by Robert Owen, a retired High Court judge, in a 328-page report represented by far the most damning official link between 43-year-old Litvinenko's death and the highest levels of the Kremlin.
Two Russian men, Andrei Lugovoi and Dmitry Kovtun, have been accused of his murder. They deny killing him.
There is a "strong probability" they were acting on behalf of the Russian FSB secret service, the inquiry found.
Owen said that taken as a whole the open evidence that had been heard in court amounted to a "strong circumstantial case" that the Russian state was behind the assassination.
But when he took into account all the evidence available to him, including a "considerable quantity" of secret intelligence that was not aired in open court, he found "that the FSB operation to kill Litvinenko was probably approved by [Nikolai] Patrushev [head of the security service in 2006] and also by President Putin".
Marina, Litvinenko's widow, welcomed the report's "damning finding" and called for the UK to impose sanctions on Russia in a statement read outside the Royal Courts of Justice, where the inquiry took place. But she said that she been given indications that the UK would do nothing.
"I'm also calling for the imposing of targeted economic sanctions and travel bans against named individuals ... including Mr Putin. I received a letter last night from the home secretary promising action. It [signalled] that the prime minister would do nothing in the face of the damaging findings of Sir Robert Owen," she said.
She called on the UK to expel all Russian intelligence operatives, to impose economic sanctions, and for travel bans on individuals, including Putin.
UK home secretary Theresa May is due to give the UK government's response to the findings in a statement to the House of Commons later on Thursday.
The findings will cause a significant diplomatic headache for the British government.
Litvinenko, a former agent in the Russian FSB federal security service or secret police, had acquired British citizenship shortly before his death, after fleeing Russia six years earlier.
British Prime Minister David Cameron will come under pressure to respond robustly to the state-sponsored assassination of a UK citizen on the streets of London, The Guardian reported.
While he lay dying in a London hospital bed, Litvinenko had pointedly told Scotland Yard that the Russian president had given the orders for his killing.
At the time of his death, Litvinenko was working for the British intelligence service MI6 and also for Spanish intelligence, passing on information on Russian organised crime networks and their links to the Kremlin. Litvinenko was due shortly to become a star witness in a number of trials.
The poison used in the killing -- the radioactive isotope polonium-210 -- is exceptionally toxic and posed a huge potential public health risk, after traces of it were left in multiple locations around London by the murderers.
