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The Standing Committee on Water Resources has recommended renegotiating the Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan to address the impact of climate change on water availability in the river basin and other challenges which are not covered under the agreement.
The parliamentary panel has also recommended that India should constantly monitor the Chinese actions so as to ensure that they do not pursue any major interventions on the Brahmaputra river which could adversely affect India's national interests.
The panel tabled the report before Lok Sabha on Thursday.
Under the Indus Waters Treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, all the waters of the eastern rivers -- Sutlej, Beas and Ravi -- are allocated to India for unrestricted use. The waters of western rivers -- Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab -- have been assigned largely to Pakistan.
According to the treaty, India has been given the right to generate hydroelectricity through run-of-the-river projects on the western rivers subject to specific criteria for design and operation. The treaty also gives the right to Pakistan to raise objections to designs of Indian hydroelectric projects on the western rivers.
The committee recommended that the government should examine the feasibility of making the maximum use of the provisions of the Indus Water Treaty in terms of full utilisation of all accessible water of the eastern rivers and the maximum utilisation of the irrigation and hydropower potential of western rivers including permissible water storage.
The panel observed that although the Indus Water Treaty has stood the test of time, it is of view that the treaty was framed on the basis of knowledge and technology existing at the time of its agreement in the 1960s.
The perspective of both the nations at that time was confined to river management and usage of water through construction of dams, barrages, canals and hydro-power generation.
"Present day pressing issues such as climate change, global warming and environmental impact assessment, etc., were not taken into account by the treaty.
"In view of this, there is a need to renegotiate the treaty so as to establish some kind of institutional structure or legislative framework to address the impact of climate change on water availability in the Indus basin and other challenges which are not covered under the treaty," the panel said.
The committee urged the government to take necessary diplomatic measures to renegotiate the Indus Water Treaty with Pakistan.
With regards to China, the panel observed that there is no water treaty between New Delhi and Beijing. However, Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) on Brahmaputra and Sutlej rivers have been signed by the two nations, which will be in force for five years and are renewed regularly.
Besides, an Expert Level Mechanism (ELM) between both the nations has also been set up for ensuring co-operation with regard to provision of hydrological data by China during flood season, emergency management and other issues regarding trans-border rivers as agreed upon by the two countries.
"The committee expressed their satisfaction over the fact that China is sharing hydrological data with regard to rivers of Brahmaputra and Sutlej, though on payment basis," the report said.
The only aberration is the year 2017 when no data was supplied by it. It also coincided with the 73-day Doklam stand-off between the two neighbours that took place during the peak monsoon period.
The committee expressed apprehension that though 'run of the river' projects undertaken by China may not lead to diversion of waters, there is every possibility that water can be stored in pondages and released for running turbines, which may lead to certain diurnal variation in downstream flow and as a consequence have an impact on water flows in Brahmaputra river.
This could affect India's endeavours to tap the region's water resources, the panel said.
The Brahmaputra is critical to water security of northeast India and Bangladesh.
In November last year, Yan Zhiyong, the chairman of the Power Construction Corp of China, said his country will "implement hydropower exploitation in the downstream of the Yarlung Zangbo River" (the Tibetan name for Brahmaputra) and the project could serve to maintain water resources and domestic security.
"The committee recommend that India should constantly monitor the Chinese actions so as to ensure that they do not pursue any major interventions on Brahmaputra river which would adversely affect our national interests," said the report.
The Ministry of External Affairs told the panel that three hydropower projects on the main stream of Brahmaputra river in Tibet Autonomous Region have been approved by the Chinese authorities and a hydropower project at Zangmu was declared fully operational by Chinese authorities in October 2015.
The MEA said the government is carefully monitoring all the developments on the Brahmaputra and has consistently conveyed its views and concerns to the Chinese authorities in order to ensure that the interests of downstream countries like India are not harmed by any activities undertaken in upstream areas.
"China has conveyed to India on several occasions that they are undertaking run-of-the-river hydropower projects which do not involve diversion of the waters of the Brahmaputra,” the MEA told the panel.