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From being the people's President to spearheading the development of the most significant Indian missiles, late President Dr APJ Abdul Kalam has contributed to the development of the country in different spheres.
As an aerospace scientist, Kalam worked with India's two major space research organisations -- Defence Research and Development Organisation and Indian Space Research Organisation.
While, his work in the development and operationalisation of indigenous guided missiles -- AGNI and PRITHVI -- earned him the title of the 'Missile Man of India,' there are many more ways in which Kalam has helped India in the division of science and technology.
On the 89th birth anniversary of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, here are five of his scientific contributions to the country.
1. Directed the project to develop India's first Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)
Back in 1980s, when India had hardly dreamt of having its indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV), Dr Kalam's over 10-year-long hard work as the project director for the development of the indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle at ISRO led to the ground-breaking scientific development.
It was in July 1980, that India's SLV-III successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in the near-Earth orbit leading to the country becoming a member of the exclusive space club.
2. Directed projects for the development of ballistic missiles
Kalam also headed the projects Devil and Valiant which had the aim of developing ballistic missiles using the technology behind the successful SLV program.
Under the mission, Kalam with other project members developed many missiles including AGNI which is an intermediate-range ballistic missile and PRITHVI which is a surface-to-surface missile.
3. Headed multiple nuclear tests at Pokhran
Serving as the Chief Scientific Adviser to the then Prime Minister, Kalam played a major role in heading the Pokhran-II nuclear testing leading to him being known as the best nuclear scientist of the country at that time. The nuclear testing under the supervision of Kalam during the period of July 1992 to December 1999 made India a nuclear-armed state.
4. He worked in making healthcare accessible to all
Working jointly with cardiologist Soma Raju, the late President developed a cost-effective coronary stent 'Kalam-Raju Stent' which helped in making healthcare accessible to all.
5. Developed the rugged 'Kalam-Raju tablet'
The duo of Kalam and Soma Raju later in 2012 designed a rugged tablet for better health care administration in the rural pockets of the country.
They termed it the 'Kalam-Raju tablet.'
For his work in the stream of science and politics, the 11th President of India was also awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna.
Kalam breathed his last on July 27, 2015, while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong when he collapsed and died from a cardiac arrest.
Five years after his demise, his contributions are still remembered as some of the best scientific and technological developments in the country.