Why Apple has much to gain in fighting e-books case

Apple couldn't have been too surprised when a judge slammed the company for violating anti-trust laws over e-book pricing - the judge had warned in May that she believed the government could prove its case. Accused of playing a central role in a conspiracy with publishers to eliminate retail price competition and raise e-book prices, Apple says it has done nothing wrong.

But in addition to defending its honour, the US tech giant has strategic reasons not to settle and to continue fighting the decision as it has said it will do.

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Chief among those is preserving its negotiating power in future content deals and its ability to control every aspect of its online stores, including pricing. Responding to aggressive forays by Google and Amazon.com into online video and music services, Apple is in discussions with Hollywood studios and record companies.

It may fear that caving to the Justice Department on e-books will embolden its sparring partners, business and legal experts say.

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A key issue is the use of the so-called most-favoured nation status - part of its agreement with publishers, which gives Apple the right to match lower prices offered by a competitor operating under the wholesale model such as Amazon.

Settling with the government would likely tie Apple to increased oversight, along with legal restrictions of most-favoured nation clauses in the e-book market, said Chris Compton, a California anti-trust lawyer who represents tech companies.

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"Apple may have well felt they needed to protect their ability to continue using that kind of clause in their other product lines," Compton said. Apple even got some favourable language in the ruling by US District Judge Denise Cote in New York, who stressed she did not intend to issue a blanket ban on specific tools Apple employs - like most favoured nations clauses - from a company's arsenal. She also took pains to limit her opinion to the specific events in the e-book market in 2010.

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"It does not seek to paint with a broader brush," wrote Cote. It is uncertain whether Apple would have got a similar disclaimer had it settled with the Justice Department. Apple used a most favoured nation clause in one of its music agreements, though the music had been purchased under a wholesale model, Cote wrote.

Apple argues that its entry into e-books in 2010 injected much needed innovation and competition into the market. Daniel Crane, an anti-trust professor at the University of Michigan Law School, said the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals could take a very different view of the evidence, focusing more on the fact that rival Amazon sold e-books below cost.

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Before Apple entered the e-book market, Amazon's strategy involved buying e-books at wholesale prices and then selling them below cost to promote its Kindle reading device. This damaged publishers by driving sales away from brick and mortar outlets.

Apple convinced publishers to enter into "agency agreements," in which publishers were able to set prices and then pay 30 per cent commissions to the Cupertino, California-based company. Critical to those agreements, however, were the most favoured nation clauses. With Apple able to match any lower prices in the market, publishers forced Amazon to adopt the agency model as well, thus raising prices for consumers, according to Cote's ruling.

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Evidence in the case included emails from Apple's late co-founder Steve Jobs to News Corp executive James Murdoch that the government said reflected Jobs' desire to boost prices and "create a real mainstream e-books market at $12.99 and $14.99."

Cote called it "wrong" for Apple to contend that it acted to stop Amazon's monopolistic practices, and Crane said Apple will hit that argument hard in its appeal. "That's very important to Apple case," Crane said.

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Several publishers settled before trial and agreed to pay more than $166 million combined to benefit consumers. They also agreed to end their pricing agreements with Apple.

Apple is, however, in the enviable position of being able to afford such a costly proceeding and hundreds of millions in potential civil damages. "This is not a bet your company case," said Crane.