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As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
Kemrock Industries and Exports owns a golf course near its plant in Gujarat and its chairman, Kalpesh Patel, talks of the high salaries he pays employees.
Still, the company has defaulted on payments for about $250 million in loans and Patel's banks, frustrated that they are unable to seize assets as he fights them in court, say they want to declare him a "wilful defaulter", a fast-growing category in India as bad loans mount.
Patel firmly denies he is such a case, saying that the business has hit lean times but he is working to turn it around.
The prevalence of so-called "wilful" defaults is symptomatic of what critics say is a loose credit culture that plagues Asia's third-biggest economy, keeping underperforming companies in business, crowding out other borrowers and leaving taxpayers on the hook to recapitalise state banks.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) defines a wilful defaulter as a borrower that is able but unwilling to pay, has diverted loan proceeds for other than their initially stated use, or has overstated profits in order to obtain a loan.
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As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
Policymakers have voiced growing concerns about the problem in recent months, and are urging banks to get tough.
"In India, there is no stigma attached to defaulting on bank loans," said Sharad Bhatia, president, stressed assets management, at Axis Bank, India's No.3 private sector lender, which has filed a lawsuit against Kemrock in Ahmedabad in an effort to seize assets.
"The defaulters' ability to manage the system is much better than banks so they can get away easily."
State-run Allahabad Bank is also owed money by Kemrock and said it was trying to get it declared a wilful defaulter.
India has been alarmed by the rise in soured loans, especially at the state lenders that dominate the banking system, and wants to crack down on wilful defaults. Tackling the problem is difficult in a country that lacks a bankruptcy law and has notoriously clogged courts.
Authorities have asked state banks to file police complaints against wilful defaulters or move to take over company managements, Financial Services Secretary Rajiv Takru said in October. State banks have also been asked to set up loan recovery departments, if they don't already have them, and tighten procedures for new loans.
As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
"I'n not running away"
Bad loans larger than 2.5 million rupees at state banks and classified by the RBI as "wilful" totalled 1.2 trillion rupees at the end of June, up 18 times from June 2008, according to a central bank document circulated to lenders and obtained by Reuters.
Over the same period, total bad loans at state banks rose five times to nearly Rs 2 trillion.
Kemrock, which makes carbon-fibre components for the aerospace industry, is running at just 15-20 per cent capacity because banks won't extend working capital, says Patel, who said he is talking to US-based distressed debt investors in an effort to bring in funds and repay loans.
Patel told Reuters in an interview that his employees earn at least twice the rates typically paid in Vadodara, where the company is based, because he wants to attract the best talent.
"If I were a wilful defaulter I would have run away with the money long back," said Patel, sipping black sugarless coffee in a Mumbai hotel overlooking the Arabian Sea. "I'm here, running my factory, paying salaries. I have fallen on bad times but I will turn around Kemrock."
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As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
Getting tough?
Stressed loans in India - those categorised as bad or restructured - total $100 billion, or about 10 per cent of all loans. Fitch Ratings expects that to rise to 15 per cent by March 2016. The bad loan ratio of about 4.5 per cent for state banks is more than double that for private sector lenders.
Frustration among lenders over rich company owners defaulting on debts grew during last year's collapse of Kingfisher Airlines. Controlling shareholder Vijay Mallya, a liquor baron who has not been named a wilful defaulter by his banks, drew criticism for his flamboyant lifestyle even as the airline was unable to pay salaries.
Mallya, who has been unsuccessful in his efforts to find new investors for Kingfisher, has said that it is the company, not him personally, that owes money.
"In a Plc (public limited company) where is one man, who might be the chairman, responsible for the finances of the entire Plc? And what has it got to do with all my other businesses?," Mallya told Reuters last year during the Indian Grand Prix weekend, where his Force India team was competing.
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As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
Two of the highest-profile recent cases of alleged wilful default involve Winsome Diamonds and Jewellery and Deccan Chronicle Holdings, which between them defaulted on $2 billion and are being investigated for fraud by the federal police, bank and government officials have said.
Deccan Chronicle Vice Chairman P K Iyer's mobile phone was switched off when Reuters made several attempts to reach him. Winsome Diamond could not be reached on its listed number.
In a sign of India's toughening stance, RBI Governor Raghuram Rajan singled-out wilful defaulters on his first day in office in September.
Company owners "do not have a divine right to stay in charge regardless of how badly they mismanage an enterprise, nor do they have the right to use the banking system to recapitalise their failed ventures", he said.
Later in September, Takru, the top official in the government's financial services department, said the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was scrutinising the 30 biggest defaults at Indian banks for any evidence that borrowers colluded with bankers for personal gain.
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As bad loans mount, India gets tough on 'wilful' default
Sluggish state
With no bankruptcy process and so-called fast-track courts that typically take five years to resolve a bad debt, lenders often go to great lengths to nurse defaulting accounts back to health rather than using aggressive means to collect - a practice that critics say fosters a sense of impunity among industrialists, many of whom are politically connected.
"They use the loophole in our system to drag legal cases for years together. For us, the account has become bad, but the lifestyle of the owner doesn't change at all," said Shubhalakshmi Panse, chairwoman of Allahabad Bank.
"These are not small companies. They dig into money from their own company, and when we move to take charge of the assets they transfer it in the name of their friends or relative or get stay orders from courts."
To declare a wilful default, a bank must set up a committee to hear the borrower's story. If it then determines the default is "wilful" it informs the RBI, which circulates a list of "wilful defaulters" to lenders nationwide.
State lenders in particular are constrained from moving quickly to pursue dud loans by bureaucratic hurdles and a culture where it can be safer not to make a decision.
Paltry legal fees - state banks pay just Rs 40,000 per corporate debt recovery - mean top lawyers have little incentive to take on cases that can drag for months or longer. Private sector banks pay many times more to ensure cases get resolved more quickly, lawyers said.
"We need to become more nimble," said Arundhati Bhattacharya, chairwoman at State Bank of India, the country's largest lender. "It takes a long time to make decisions. The government is aware of it and we are trying to see what we can do about it."
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