India's public debt ratio, which remarkably remained stable at around 70 per cent of the GDP since 1991, is projected to jump by 17 percentage points to nearly 90 per cent because of increase in public spending due to COVID-19, the IMF said on Wednesday.
"In our projections, the increase in public spending, in response to COVID-19, and the fall in tax revenues and economic activity, will make public debt jump up by 17 percentage points to almost 90 per cent of GDP,” Vitor Gaspar, director of the IMF's fiscal affairs department told PTI.
"Going forward it is projected to stabilise in 2021, before slowly declining up to the end of the projection period, in 2025.
“Broadly speaking the pattern of public debt in India is close to the norm around the world,” he said.
According to Gaspar, India's public debt ratio has been remarkably stable since 1991. It is interesting to note that the debt ratio has been stable at around 70 per cent of GDP over the past decade, he said.
Responding to a question about his assessment of the fiscal situation of India, Gasper said India has been an important source of growth in the world since the 1991 economic liberalisation reforms.
Real GDP growth averaged 6.5 per cent between 1991 and 2019, and real GDP per capita was multiplied by four over that period.
This impressive growth performance helped lift millions of people out of extreme poverty, he said.
The extreme poverty rate, measured as the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.90 a day at purchasing power parity (the international poverty line), fell from 45 per cent in 1993 to 13 per cent by 2015 (date of the latest full extrapolation by the World Bank available - last full evaluation, based on household surveys, goes back to 2011), he said.
India achieved the millennium development goal of halving poverty by 2015 (from its 1990 level), he said.
"India has made astonishing progress in other areas. Education enrollment is nearly universal for primary school. Infant mortality rates have been halved since 2000. Access to water and sanitation, electricity, and roads has been greatly improved," said the IMF official.
According to Gasper, in the near-term, additional fiscal action can and should be deployed as needed to support the poor and the vulnerable.
"This should be accompanied by a credible medium-term fiscal consolidation plan that can reinforce market confidence and structural reforms that boost India's growth potential,” he added.
"Going forward, public finances should continue to support growth and development in India.
“The effects of COVID-19 on health, education, poverty and nutrition render progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals even more urgent. Macroeconomic and financial stability are important necessary conditions for sustainable development,” he said.
Responding to a question about the handling of the COVID-19 crisis, the IMF official said that comparisons among countries are inherently complex, particularly in this highly uncertain and volatile pandemic environment.
Each country's response has reflected their pre-COVID positions, the capacity of their institutions, and many other factors that may be unique to each country, he noted.
"In China, the authorities reacted strongly to the outbreak. The COVID-19 seems contained.
“Fiscal policy focused initially on improving the public health care system, providing financial relief to the most-affected households and firms, and increasing infrastructure investment,” he said.
The economy has quickly returned to growth.
That was possible in part through substantial monetary, financial and fiscal support.
But growth is imbalanced and the pandemic has brought old structural challenges to the fore by spreading social safety nets thin and adding to financial vulnerabilities, he added.
"In order to facilitate rebalancing of the economy, fiscal policy should shift its focus from infrastructure towards household support and green investment.
“This would mitigate the risk of scarring, and make growth more resilient,” Gasper said.
"Structural fiscal reforms would also make policy support more effective.
“Important examples include improving the macro-fiscal framework and intergovernmental coordination while leveraging digital technologies to deliver support to vulnerable groups,” he said.
