qL$Þ_f ApQpe®, fpS>L$p¡V$

R>¡ëgp„ kp¡-kp¡ hj®\u fpS>L$p¡V$ il¡f_¡ Ahpf_hpf vy$óL$pm_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$ép¡ R>¡. A_¡ R>sp„ Ap il¡f dpV¡$, s¡_u âÅ_u lpgpL$u r_hpfhp dpV¡$ L$p¡C AkfL$pfL$ ep¡S>_p b_phhpdp„ _\u Aphu. R>¡ëgp„ Qpf hj® v$frdep_ dlp_Nf`pqgL$pA¡ rhrh^ S>mep¡S>_p `pR>m 90 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep_p¡ MQ® L$ep£ lp¡hp R>sp„ il¡f_p _pNqfL$p¡_u sfk byTpC _\u.

il¡f L$p¢N°¡k_p AN°Zu S>kh„stkl cË$u qfqX$a.L$p¡d_¡ L$l¡ R>¡, "ApS> ky^u_u sdpd ep¡S>_pAp¡ M|b S> V|„$L$u ×rô$ fpMu_¡ OX$hpdp„ Aphu R>¡. s¡dp„ crhóe_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ _\u Apìep¡. hkrsh^pfp¡, Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ rhL$pk S>¡hp„ dlÒh_p„ `pkp„Ap¡_¡ kph c|gu S> S>hpdp„ Apìep„ lp¡e A¡hy„ gpN¡ R>¡.' fpS>L$p¡V$dp„ ApS> ky^udp„ \e¡gu `pZu_u rhrh^ ep¡S>_pAp¡ s`pkuA¡ sp¡ S>kh„stkl cË$u_u hps kpQu lp¡e A¡hy„ gpÁep hNf fl¡ _l].

1901 : fp„v$fX$p A_¡ gpg`fu smph

NC kv$u_p A„sdp„ fpS>L$p¡V$dp„ fp„v$fX$p smph bp„^hpdp„ Apìey„. A„N°¡Å¡_p¡ ipk_L$pm lsp¡. A¡ hMs¡ 168 A¡d.ku.A¡a.V$u. `pZu_p¡ k„N°l fp„v$fX$pdp„ \C iL$sp¡ lsp¡. ApS>¡ fp„v$fX$p_u ndsp f0 A¡d.ku.A¡a.V$u. S>m_p¡ k„N°l L$fhp_u dp„X$ flu R>¡. smph_p¡ 80\u 90 V$L$p S>¡V$gp¡ cpN L$pv$h A\hp sp¡ L$p„`¡ fp¡L$u gu^p¡ R>¡. S>kh„stkl cË$u L$l¡ R>¡, "kdep„sf¡ Ap smphdp„\u L$p„` L$pY$sp„ fl¡hp_u S>ê$f lsu. smph kph S> byfpC Åe Ðep„ ky^u kÑp^uip¡_u Ap„M _ EOX¡$ A¡ sp¡ L¡$hy„! _hp S>möp¡s Ecp L$fuA¡ A¡ hps bfpbf R>¡, `Z S|>_p öp¡s_¡ b¡v$fL$pfu v$pMhu_¡ _L$pdp b_phu v¡$hp_y„ `Z hpS>bu _\u.'

1901dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$_u hkqs 36 lÅf_u lsu. Ðepf¡ il¡fdp„ gpg`fu smph bp„^hp_y„ L$pd iê$ \ey„ lsy„. fp„v$fX$p A_¡ gpg`fu ep¡S>_p k„`|Z®`Z¡ Adgdp„ Aphu NC A¡ `R>u il¡fdp„ dp\pv$uW$ f0 N¡g_ `pZu_y„ rhsfZ \sy„ lsy„. ApTpv$u ANpD S> il¡fdp„ `pZu_u L$V$p¡L$V$u kÅ®C A_¡ fp„v$fX$p s\p gpg`fu D`fp„s `Z ÓuÆ S>m ep¡S>_p_u S>ê$f Ecu \C. A¡ kde¡ fpS>L$p¡V$_p rS>ëgp NpX®$_ `pk¡ L|$hp¡ Npmhpdp„ Apìep¡. ApN gpNu A_¡ L|$hp¡ Mp¡v$hp v$p¡X$ép A¡hp¡ OpV$ kÅ®ep¡. dp„X$ dp„X$ il¡fdp„ kp¡m gpM N¡g_ `pZu_y„ rhsfZ \sy„ lsy„. L|$hp_p„ srmep„ v¡$Mpep„ A¡V$g¡ _hu ep¡S>_p_u S>ê$fs Ecu \C.

1951 `R>u : ApÆ-1 X¡$d 19`1dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$_u hkrs h^u_¡ 1,3f,000 \C. `pZu dpV¡$ L$p¡C ìeh[õ\s ep¡S>_p OX$hp_y„ S>ê$fu lsy„. A¡ kdeNpmp v$frdep_ S> fpS>L$p¡V$ dpV¡$ ApÆ-1—X¡$d bp„^hp_u ep¡S>_p rhQpfhpdp„ Aphu. ep¡S>_p dp¡V$u lsu. L$pd hjp£ ky^u Qpg¡ s¡d lsy„. s¡\u crhóe_p hkrsh^pfp_p A„v$pÅ¡ bp„^u_¡ S> ep¡S>_p Adgdp„ d|L$u iL$pe. S>¡ kde¡ ep¡S>_p iê$ \C lp¡e A¡ kde_u hkrs_¡ Ýep_dp„ fpMu_¡ ep¡S>_p OX$hpdp„ Aph¡ sp¡ ep¡S>_p `|Z® \sp„ ky^udp„ hkrs ¼ep„e h^u NC lp¡e A_¡ `pZu_u S>ê$qfeps `Z h^u NC lp¡e. `qfZpd¡ A¡ ep¡S>_p r_f\®L$ b_u Åe. 19`0_p v$peL$p_p Apf„cdp„ iê$ \e¡gu ApÆ-1 ep¡S>_p dpV¡$ `Z Aphu b^u NZsfuAp¡ L$fhpdp„ Aphu. AgbÑ kph Mp¡V$u NZsfuAp¡. ep¡S>_p OX$hp b¡W¡$gp "byrÙipmuAp¡'A¡ A¡hp¡ A„v$pS> dp„X$ép¡ lsp¡ L¡$ 1981_u kpgdp„ fpS>L$p¡V$_u hkrs b¡ gpM_¡ Ap„bu S>i¡ s¡\u ApÆ-1 ep¡S>_p\u L$dk¡ L$d 30-3` hj® ky^u gpc dmsp¡ fl¡i¡ A¡hu NZsfu fpMu_¡ b¡ gpM dp\p„ dpV¡$_y„ `pZu `|fy„ `pX$u iL¡$ A¡hX$p¡ X¡$d bp„^hpdp„ Apìep¡. Äepf¡ hpõshdp„ bÞey„ A¡hy„ L¡$ Ap ep¡S>_p 1961dp„ Äepf¡ Adgdp„ Aphu Ðepf¡ S> fpS>L$p¡V$_u hkrs b¡ gpM_u \C NC lsu! kfL$pfu s„Ó¡ S>¡V$gu hkrs_p¡ A„v$pS> 1981 dpV¡$ d|¼ep¡ lsp¡ A¡V$gu hkrs sp¡ 1961dp„ S> \C NC. 1971dp„ il¡f_u hkrs 3 gpM \C NC. Å¡L¡$ '61\u '71_p kdeNpmp v$frdep_ il¡fuS>_p¡A¡ `pZu_u M¢Q AdyL$ sb½¡$ A_ychu, `Z A¡ s„Nu AÐepf¡ R>¡ A¡hu ApL$fu _lp¡su. L$pfZ L¡$ A¡ kde¡ X¡$d_p öphn¡Ódp„ Q¡L$X¡$d _lp¡sp, hfkpv$u S>m_p¡ ku^p¡ S> k„N°l \C S>sp¡ lsp¡.

1961dp„ ApÆ-1 ep¡S>_p Adgdp„ Aphsp„_u kp\¡ S> S|>_p S>möp¡s hukfu S>hpep. gpg`fu-fp„v$fX$pdp„\u `pZu D`pX$hp_y„ b„^ L$fu v¡$hpdp„ Apìey„. s¡_u kpfk„cpm `Z b„^. 1966_p hj®dp„ `pZu_u M¢Q r_hpfhp dpV¡$ afu rhQpfZp \C A_¡ 1967_p hj®\u gpg`fu-fp„v$fX$p_y„ `pZu afu D`ep¡Ndp„ g¡hp_y„ iê$ \ey„. b¡L$pmÆ_¡ L$pfZ¡ gpg`fu-fp„v$fX$pdp„ L$p„` cfpep¡ lsp¡ A_¡ hkrs `Z h^u flu lsu. ApÆ-1_p r_dp®Z kde¡ rhQpfhpdp„ Aph¡gu b^u S> NZsfuAp¡ K^u `X$u lsu. il¡f dpV¡$ _hu ep¡S>_p b_phhu S> `X¡$ A¡hy„ lsy„.

1971-73 : Þepfu X¡$d Þepfu-1 X¡$d_y„ L$pd iê$ Ney„. 1973dp„ Ap X¡$d_y„ L$pd `|Z® \pe A¡ ANpD S> vy$óL$pm Apìep¡. vy$óL$pm_p L$pfZ¡ 1974dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$ _ÆL$ Aph¡gp cpv$f X¡$ddp„\u `pZu gphhp_y„ iê$ \ey„. A¡ S> Afkpdp„ fpS>L$p¡V$ _Nf`prgL$p `R>u dlp_Nf`prgL$pdp„ a¡fhpC NC. il¡f_u lv$ h^u. _hu hkrs_u S>hpbv$pfu `Z dlp_Nf`prgL$p `f Aphu. v$frdep_ bÞey„ A¡hy„ L¡$ cpv$f X¡$ddp„\u `pZu gphhp `pR>m dlp_Nf`prgL$p_u blz dp¡V$u fL$d MQp®C S>su lsu, `qfZpd¡ '7`_u kpgdp„ cpv$fdp„\u `pZu D`pX$hp_y„ b„^ L$fu v¡$hpdp„ Apìey„. 1977\u Þepfu-1 X¡$ddp„\u v¥$r_L$ 3` gpM N¡g_ `pZu dmhp_y„ b„^ \C Ney„. Å¡L¡$ hkrs_p¡ A„v$pS> h^y A¡L$ hMs Mp¡V$p¡ `X$ép¡ lsp¡.

kfL$pfu A„v$pS> A¡hp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ fpS>L$p¡V$ il¡f_u hkrs 1991dp„ kpX$p Qpf gpM Apk`pk `lp¢Qu S>i¡. Äepf¡ 198f-'83 Apk`pk S> il¡f_u hkrs `p„Q gpM \C NC. 1981dp„ afu A¡L$ hMs cpv$fdp„\u `pZu gphhp_p¡ rhQpf L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. A¡ kde¡ A¡ ep¡S>_p_y„ L$v$ f` L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep lsy„. ^pZu_p bmv$_u S>¡d kÑp^uip¡-Ar^L$pfuAp¡ lsp Ðep„ _¡ Ðep„ `lp¢Ãep. cpv$f ep¡S>_p _h¡kf\u Adgdp„ dyL$pC. A„v$prS>s MQ®_u bpbsdp„ `Z gpNsp-hmNspAp¡ Mp¡V$p `X$ép A¡ õhpcprhL$ R>¡. Ap ep¡S>_p_p¡ MQ® s¡_p d|m L$v$ L$fsp„ A_¡L$NZp¡ h^u Nep¡. R>¡ëgp„ Qpf hj® v$frdep_ Ap ep¡S>_p a¼s Qgphhp dpV¡$ S> fpS>L$p¡V$ dlp_Nf`prgL$p_¡ f7 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep_p¡ MQ® \ep¡ R>¡.

198fdp„ fpS>L$p¡V$_p ApÆ-1 A_¡ Þepfu-1dp„\u h^y `pZu d¡mhhp_u ep¡S>_p lsu. v¥$r_L$ 110 gpM N¡g_ `pZu Ap¡Ry>„ `X$sy„ lsy„ s¡\u fp¡S>_y„ 130 gpM N¡g_ `pZu d¡mhhp_y„ _½$u \ey„. `Z Ap ep¡S>_pAp¡ Adgdp„ Aphsp„ OZp¡ kde `kpf \C Nep¡. A¡ Afkpdp„ S> 1986_p hj®dp„ kp¥fpô²$dp„ N„cuf vy$óL$pm `X$ép¡. kss ÓZ-ÓZ Qp¡dpkp„ _bmp„ Nep„. cpv$fdp„\u `pZu d¡mhhp_y„ iê$ \ey„ `Z A¡ `pZu A`|fsy„ lsy„. s¡\u il¡f_p L|$hpAp¡dp„\u `pZu D`pX$hp_y„ iê$ \ey„. il¡f Apk`pk 4 HQ A_¡ 6 HQ_p 37` bp¡fh¡g Mp¡v$hpdp„ Apìep. il¡f_p A¡L$kp¡ qL$gp¡duV$f_p `qfOdp„ Aph¡gp„ S>mpiep¡dp„\u V¡$ÞL$k® Üpfp `pZu gphu_¡ il¡f_p qaëV$f àgpÞV$dp„ W$pghhpdp„ Aphsy„ lsy„. v$ffp¡S>_p v$p¡Y$kp¡-v$p¡Y$kp¡ V¡$ÞL$f v$p¡X$phhpdp„ Aphsp„ lsp„. V²¡$_ hpV¡$ `Z fpS>L$p¡V$dp„ `pZu gphhpdp„ Apìey„. S>kh„stkl cË$u L$l¡ R>¡, "S>ê$f `X¡$ Ðepf¡, Ar_hpe® lp¡e Ðepf¡ kÑp^uip¡ AQp_L$ S> v$p¡V$ d|L$hp dp„X¡$ R>¡, `Z Aphp k„L$V$_¡ r_hpfhp dpV¡$ L$p¡C `|h®-Apep¡S>_ _\u \sy„.'

1988 : cpv$f ep¡S>_p `|fu \C 1987-88dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$\u 41 qL$gp¡duV$f v|$f Aph¡gp ApÆ-3 X¡$ddp„\u `pZu gphhp_y„ `Z rhQpfhpdp„ Apìey„. 31-3-1988_p qv$hk¡ _hu cpv$f ep¡S>_p `|Z® \C A¡ hMs¡ A¡ X¡$ddp„\u f0 gpM N¡g_ `pZu d¡mhhp_u rhQpfZp lsu. AÐepf¡ s¡dp„\u `0 gpM N¡g_ `pZu d¡mhpe R>¡. i¡MQëgu_p Ahspf S>¡hp kÑp^uip¡A¡ A¡L$ ep¡S>_p A¡hu `Z rhQpfu lsu L¡$ cpv$f_y„ `pZu ApÆ-1dp„ W$pghhy„. L$pfZ? cpv$fdp„ `pZu_y„ bpó`uch_ 67 V$L$p \pe R>¡ Äepf¡ ApÆ-1dp„ 4` V$L$p S> \pe R>¡! 1986_u L$V$p¡L$V$u hMs¡ `pZu_y„ bpó`uch_ OV$pX$hp dpV¡$ L¡$rdL$g_p¡ R>„V$L$ph `Z L$fhpdp„ Apìep¡. Ðepf `R>u dÃRy>-1 ep¡S>_p OX$hpdp„ Aphu. A¡ dpV¡$ `00 A_¡ 600 du.du._u `pB`gpB_ `Z _MpC A_¡ `R>u AQp_L$ S> Ap ep¡S>_p_¡ c|gu S>hpdp„ Aphu. cpv$f ep¡S>_p afu hpf `|fÅ¡i\u Adgdp„ d|L$hpdp„ Aphu Ðepf¡ ipkL$p¡ A_¡ rhfp¡^ `np¡A¡ A¡hy„ L$üy„ lsy„ L¡$ Ap ep¡S>_p\u il¡f_u `pZu_u S>ê$qfeps R>¡L$ 1998 ky^u k„sp¡jpsu fl¡i¡. Ap hMs¡ hkrs_p¡ kfL$pfu A„v$pS> kpQp¡ lsp¡ `Z A¡ kpQp A„v$pS>\u L$ip¡ S> apev$p¡ _ \ep¡. b^p S> ÅZsp lsp L¡$ hkrsh^pfp_¡ L$pfZ¡ A_¡ cpv$f X¡$d_p D`fhpkdp„ b_¡gp Q¡L$X¡$d_¡ L$pfZ¡ Ap ep¡S>_p_y„ d©Ðey _ÆL$dp„ R>¡ A_¡ R>sp„ L$p¡C kmhþep _l].

1998 : c|sm_p„ `pZu g|„V$php¡ 1998 `R>u 1999 A_¡ f000 L¡$ A¡ `R>u il¡f_¡ `pZu L¡$hu fus¡ `|fy„ `pX$hy„ A¡ rhi¡ b^p S> b¡v$fL$pf füp. A¡ S> L$pfZ¡ 1999dp„ fpS>L$p¡V$ il¡f dpV¡$ ê$r`ep A¡L$kp¡ L$fp¡X$_p¡ MQ® L$fu_¡ bp¡f Mp¡v$hpdp„ Apìep. A¡ D`fp„s s¡_p r_cphZu MQ® dpV¡$ buÅ 30 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep AÐepf ky^udp„ MQ® L$fu _pMhpdp„ Apìep R>¡.

Þepfu-1_u k„N°li[¼s h^pfhp_y„ Qpf hj® `l¡gp„ _½$u \ey„. A¡ dpV¡$ 1999-f000_p hj®dp„ v$k gpM ê$r`ep_p MQ®\u A¡L$ ep¡S>_p Adgdp„ d|L$hp_y„ W¡$fhpey„ A_¡ ApS> ky^u Ap ep¡S>_p `pR>m fpsu `pC `Z h`fpC _\u! lh¡ A¡ ep¡S>_p c|gu S>C_¡ ÓZ L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep_p MQ£ gp`pkfu X¡$d_u _hu ep¡S>_p_y„ L$pd lp\ ^fhpdp„ Apìey„ R>¡. dÃRy>_u ep¡S>_p dpV¡$ 60 gpM ê$r`ep_p¡ MQ® \ep¡ lsp¡, A¡ ep¡S>_p_y„ iy„ \ey„? R>¡ëgp„ Qpf hj®dp„ dlp_Nf`prgL$pA¡ cpv$f ep¡S>_p `pR>m `Npf A_¡ huS>mu qbg `¡V¡$ ê$. f3.`0 L$fp¡X$ MÃep® R>¡. qaëV$f àgpÞV$ `pR>m ê$. 1` L$fp¡X$, bp¡f dpV¡$ ê$. 18 L$fp¡X$, BdfS>Þku_p _pd¡ ê$. f.7` L$fp¡X$, `pB`gpB_ dpV¡$ ê$. 6.`0 L$fp¡X$_p¡ MQ® \ep¡ R>¡. Ap hj£ hp¡V$f h¼k® dpV¡$ AÐepf\u f9 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep A„v$pS>hpdp„ Apìep R>¡. fpS>L$p¡V$ rS>ëgp dpV¡$ ê$. `4 L$fp¡X$_u ep¡S>_pAp¡ A_¡ kp¥fpô²$-L$ÃR> dpV¡$ dmu_¡ ê$. 184 L$fp¡X$_p¡ dpõV$f àgp_ OX$hpdp„ Apìep¡ R>¡. L¡$iycpC `V¡$g `Z NyS>fps_p vy$óL$pm_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp L¡$ÞÖ `pk¡\u h^pfp_p f00 L$fp¡X$ gC Apìep R>¡. Apd Ap hMs¡ Ly$g 400-`00 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep_y„ Ap„^Z L$ep® `R>u Aphsp hj£ afu `pR>u L$p¡C _hu ep¡S>_p_u rhQpfZp \su li¡, ¼ep„L$ _hu `pB`gpB_ _Mpsu li¡, _hp bp¡f Mp¡v$psp li¡. L$pfZ L¡$ kp¥fpô²$-L$ÃR>_u S>mkdõep_p¡ L$pedu DL¡$g gphu iL¡$ A\hp sp¡ Ap kdõepdp„ L$pedu fpls `lp¢QpX$u iL¡$ A¡hp L$p¡C r_`|Z dpZkp¡ _S>f¡ QX$sp _\u. hp¡V$f d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ _pd_y„ `Z A¡L$ ip÷ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ A¡ rhop__p¡ dlÑd gpc g¡hp dpV¡$ 400-`00 L$fp¡X$ ê$r`ep D`fp„s qv$dpN_u `Z S>ê$f `X¡$ R>¡.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?