L$p[Þs cË$

Ad¡qfL$p_p âdyM_u 2000_u Q|„V$Zu s¡_p Brslpkdp„ kp¥\u dlÒh_u R>¡. Aph_pfp `°dyM Mf¡Mf 21du kv$u_p âdyM li¡. 7du _h¡çbf, 2000_u Q|„V$Zu `R>u S>¡ _hp âdyM Q|„V$pC Aphi¡ s¡ 20-1-2001_p fp¡S> ìlpBV$ lpDkdp„ kp¡N„v$rhr^ L$fi¡. 21du kv$udp„ Aph_pfp âdyM A¡V$gu b^u Apr\®L$ kÑphpmp li¡ L¡$ s¡ 2009 ky^u fpS> L$fu iL¡$ s¡ fus¡ afu\u Q|„V$pi¡.

kp¡ãV$h¡f V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ A_¡ BÞV$f_¡V$ BL$p¡_p¡du_u kamsp-r_óamsp _hp âdyM¡$ l¡ÞX$g L$fhp_u fl¡i¡. Ap Q|„V$Zudp„ Ad¡qfL$pdp„ hksp cpfsuep¡_y„ hS>_ L¡$V$gy„? L$ep Dd¡v$hpf cpfs dpV¡$ kpfp R>¡? Ad¡qfL$p dpV¡$ A_¡ rhð dpV¡$ L$p¡Z kpfp R>¡? Ap b^p khpgp¡_p S>hpbp¡ Al] Ap`hp L$p¡rii L$fy„ Ry>„.

`°ï_ : Ap Q|„V$Zudp„ Ðep„ hksp cpfsuep¡_y„ hS>_ L$¡V$gy„?

S>hpb : rb°V$__u dpaL$ Ad¡qfL$pdp„ cpfsuep¡A¡ fpS>L$pfZdp„ iê$Aps\u fk _lp¡sp¡ gu^p¡. dpÓ R>¡ëgp„ Qpf hj®\u fk g¡ R>¡. v$pMgp sfuL¡$ gp¡k A¡ÞS>gk il¡f_p¡ hluhV$ el|v$uAp¡ A_¡ L$pmp f„N_p gp¡L$p¡ Qgph¡ R>¡. Ðep„ 15 L$pD[Þkgfp¡dp„ 3 g¡qV$_ Ad¡qfL$_p¡ R>¡. NC L$pg ky^u ^r_L$ cpfsuep¡ A_¡ X$p¡¼V$fp¡ qf`[ågL$_ `n_¡ Q|„V$Zudp„ _pZp„ Ap`sp lsp, `f„sy eyhp_ cpfsue X$p¡¼V$fp¡ `¥kpv$pf \hp dp„X$ép s¡ X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_¡ Q|„V$Zu_p„ _pZp„ Ap`¡ R>¡. L¡$rgap¡r_®ep_p cpfsue X¡$[ÞV$õV$p¡, kS>®_p¡, cpfsue âp¡a¡i_gp¡ X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_¡ ds Ap`¡ R>¡. hp¡tiÁV$_dp„ cpfsue X$p¡¼V$fp¡_y„ d„X$m hNv$pf R>¡. s¡ b„_¡ `np¡dp„ `N fpM¡ R>¡.

`Z ^pfp¡ L¡$ L$p¡C cpfsue `pk¡ S>C_¡ kfL$pf_y„ L$pd L$fphhy„ lp¡e sp¡ L$p¡C Ap¡N£_pBT¹X$ Ap¡qak _\u. T¡rhef b¡Q¡fp _pd_p d|m õ`¡__p L$p¢N°¡kd¡_ R>¡ s¡dZ¡ sp¡ L¡$rgap¡r_®ep_p k_k¡V$ byg¡hpX®$_p `p¡i rhõspfdp„ `p¡sp_u ìeh[õ\s Ap¡qak Mp¡gu R>¡. õV¡$_ap¡X®$ eyr_hrk®V$udp„ s¡d_u hN R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p_p õ`¡r_i dsv$pfp¡_u sL$guap¡ s¡Ap¡ kp„cm¡ R>¡. Aph„y ìeh[õ\s s„Ó cpfsuep¡A¡ Np¡W$ìey„ _\u.

¼eybp\u rlS>fs L$fu_¡ Aph¡gp A¡¡g¡¼k `¡_¡gpT buÅ X¡$dp¡¾¡$V$ L$p¢N°¡kd¡_ R>¡. Å¡L¡$ OZp ¼eyb_ rlS>fsuAp¡ qf`[ågL$_ `n_p R>¡. Ap`Z¡ NyS>fpsuAp¡A¡ s¡ fus¡ fpS>L$pfZdp„ fk gu^p¡ _\u. Å¡ L$p¡C NyS>fpsuA¡ õ`¡r_i L¡$ ¼eyb_ fpS>L$pfZuAp¡ S>¡hu Ap¡qak fpMu lp¡e sp¡ ÅZhpdp„ fk `X$i¡.

Þey ep¡L®$dp„ õ`¡r_i A_¡ g¡qV$_ Ad¡qfL$_ D`fp„s S>d¥L$_p¡ A_¡ frie_p¡ Ad¡qfL$_ fpS>L$pfZdp„ fk g¡ R>¡. L¡$rgap¡r_®epdp„ L$p¡qfe_ gp¡L$p¡_u hN h^u R>¡. A¡riep_p ^r_L$p¡ dp¡V$p cpN¡ X¡$dp¡¾¡$V¹$k_¡ _pZp„ Ap`¡ R>¡. Äep¡S>® byi_p V¡$¼kpk fpÄedp„ g¡qV$_ Ad¡qfL$_ gp¡L$p¡ byi_p V¡$L¡$v$pfp¡ R>¡. v$pMgp s$fuL¡$, ApNpMp_u Mp¡Å v$f¡L$ v¡$idp„ kÑp `f S>¡ `n lp¡e s¡_¡ Myi fpM¡ R>¡ s¡hy„ cpfsuep¡ ApS> ky^u L$fsp lsp. `Z âdyM rbg [¼gÞV$_¡ cpfs âÐe¡ ky„hpmy„ ùv$e fp¿ey„ R>¡ A¡V$g¡ lh¡ R>¡ëgp„ Qpf hj®\u cpfsuep¡_u hN hp¡tiÁV$_dp„ R>¡. A¡V$g¡ NyS>fpsuAp¡ Mpk BÃR>i¡ L¡$ X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_p Dd¡v$hpf Ag Np¡f Æsu Åe. L$pídufâï_¡ b„_¡ âdyMp¡ kfMp R>¡ `Z byi `pqL$õsp_ sf$a Y$mu iL¡$ R>¡.

âï_ : Ap Q|„V$Zudp„ Æshp_p QpÞk L$p¡_¡ R>¡?

S>hpb : L¡$rgap¡r_®epdp„ kp¥\u h^y "dsv$pf'_u k„¿ep R>¡. L¡$rgap¡r_®ep X¡$dp¡¾¡$V$p¡_y„ r`ef NZpe R>¡. s¡_u Bg¡¼V$p¡fg L$p¡g¡S>_u k„¿ep 54_u R>¡. s¡dp„\u S>¡ kp¥\u h^y ds d¡mhi¡ s¡ âdyM b_i¡ s¡hu ^pfZp R>¡. buSy>„ ãgp¡qfX$p fpÄe R>¡. s¡ L$V$p¡L$V$_y„ R>¡.

Ap`Z¡ sdpd Dd¡v$hpfp¡_u S>Þd`rÓL$p Å¡CA¡.

(1) X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_p ApëbV®$ Np¡f 51 hj®_p R>¡. V¡$_¡ku fpÄe_p fl¡hpku R>¡. s¡d_p„ â¡dpm `Ð_u V$u`f AQ¡k_ Np¡f 52 hj®_p„ R>¡. V$u`f Np¡f Sy>hp_udp„ ìehkpeu ap¡V$pN°paf lsp„. s¡ L$v$u cX$L$ h÷p¡ `l¡fsp„ _\u. Np¡f_u 27 hj®_u `yÓu kp¥\u dp¡V$u R>¡. s¡Z¡ r`sp_u Q|„V$Zu dpV¡$ M|b dl¡_s L$fu R>¡. v¡$Mph¡ ky„v$f R>¡. Np¡f_¡ Qpf bpmL$p¡ R>¡.

1965-68dp„ Np¡f lph®X®$ eyr_hrk®V$u_p N°¡ÄeyA¡V$ \C_¡ `R>u b¡ hj® gíL$fu `ÓL$pf b_¡gp. A¡ `R>u s¡d_p fpÄe_p "V¡$_¡rke_' _pd_p v¥$r_L$_p BÞh¡[õV$N¡qV$h qf`p¡V®$f lsp. A¡ v$fçep_ s¡dZ¡ rbëX$f sfuL¡$ L$pd L$fhp V¡$Ngh|X$ lp¡d rbëX$k® L„$`_u Ecu L$fu. 1973\u 1990 ky^u s¡d_¡ M¡su L$fhp_y„ d_ \ey„ A¡V$g¡ NpdX$pdp„ S>du_ gu^u. s¡d_p r`sp-v$pv$p fpS>L$pfZu lsp A¡V$g¡ fpS>L$pfZ Nm\|\udp„ R>¡. 1977dp„ ârsr_r^kcp_u Q|„V$Zudp„ ÆÐep. 1985 ky^u ârsr_r^ füp. `R>u 1985dp„ Ad¡qfL$_ k¡_¡V$_u Q|„V$Zu ÆÐep. 1993\u s¡Ap¡ âdyM [¼gÞV$__p D`âdyM R>¡. hÃQ¡ 1988dp„ s¡dZ¡ âdyM`v dpV¡$ âpf„qcL$ Q|„V$Zu gX¡$gu `Z r_óam Ne¡gp.

Ag Np¡f_p¡ v$php¡ R>¡ L¡$ s¡Ap¡ BÞV$f_¡V$_p OZp ip¡^L$p¡ `¥L$u_p A¡L$ R>¡. A\®ip÷, Ap„sffpô²$ue bpbsp¡, `ep®hfZ hN¡f¡_p r_óZps R>¡. `ep®hfZ rhi¡ b¡õV$ k¡gf `yõsL$ g¿ey„ R>¡. S|>_,2000_p ds-kh£nZ `°dpZ¡ s¡Ap¡ Äep¡S>® byi\u 13 `p¡BÞV$ `pR>m lsp `f„sy `R>u Ad¡qfL$p_p„ ÷u dsv$pfp¡ Ag Np¡f_u a¡hfdp„ Aphsp„ lh¡ s¡Ap¡_p Q|„V$php_p QpÞk qaãV$u qaãV$u R>¡. R>¡ëgp„ 40 hj®_u Q|„V$ZuAp¡dp„ Ap kp¥\u h^y L$V$p¡L$V$_u Q|„V$Zu NZpe R>¡. cpfsuep¡ dpV¡$ `pqL$õsp__u bpbsdp„ sp¡ Adgv$pfp¡_y„ S> h^y Qpg¡ R>sp„ Ag Np¡f cpfs_p `ëgpdp„ fl¡i¡ s¡hy„e A¡L$v$d dp_u _ g¡hpe. `f„sy Äep¡S>® byi sp¡ `|f¡`|fp `pqL$õsp__p rdÓ R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p_p Apfbp¡ A_¡ dy[õgd dsv$pfp¡ Äep¡S>® byi_p V¡$L¡$v$pfp¡ R>¡. s¡\u cpfsuep¡ S>¡dZ¡ ApW$ hj®dp„ hp¡tiÁV$_ Mps¡ `p¡sp_u gp¡bu Ecu L$fu R>¡ s¡d_¡ dpV¡$ Ag Np¡f kpfp R>¡.

qf`[ågL$_ `n_p Äep¡S>® byi Sy>r_ef 53 hj®_p R>¡. lpgdp„ V¡$¼kpk fpÄe_p Nh_®f R>¡. s¡Ap¡ eyr_hrk®Vu_p N°¡ÄeyA¡V$ _\u. 1968-73 ky^u V¡$¼kpk _¡i_g NpX®$_p `pBgV$ lsp. 1975\u 10 hj® ky^u Ap¡Bg A¡ÞX$ N¡k L„`_u_p Qua lsp. Ag Np¡f rdrgep¡_¡f _\u. Äep¡S>® byi rdrgep¡_¡f R>¡. 1984dp„ byi¡ õ`¡¼V²$d L$p¡`p£f¡i_ Ecy„ L$ey¯ A_¡ K^y„ hpþey„. 1986dp„ A¡L$ s¡g L„$`_u L„$`_u_p kgplL$pf lsp. s¡d_p r`sp Äep¡S>® byi_p âdyM`v$_p¡ s¡d_¡ gpc dþep¡ R>¡. V¡$¼kpk f¡ÞS>k® b¡Tbp¡g ¼gb_p d¡_¡tS>N `pV®$_f lsp. s¡dp„\u M|b `¥kp b_pìep R>¡. dëV$u_¡i_g_p v$gpg S>¡hp NZpe R>¡. V¡$¼kpk_p Nh®_f sfuL¡$ s¡dZ¡ Mpk DL$pþey„ _\u.

Äep¡S>® byi M|b S> ìehlpfy, d|X$uhpv$u A_¡ fpS>L$ue kÑp_p Qp„v$u_p QdQp kp\¡ S>Þd¡gp R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p_p byrÙd„sp¡ s¡d_¡ Qplsp _\u. Äep¡S>® byi âdyM sfuL¡$ Aph¡ sp¡ s¡d_u kp\¡ `pR>p¡ k„b„^ bp„^hp cpfsuep¡A¡ _¡h_p„ `pZu dp¡c¡ QY$phhp„ `X$i¡. byrÙ hNf_p OZp Dd¡v$hpfp¡_¡ Ad¡qfL$_p¡A¡ Q|„V$ép R>¡. v$p.s. X$p_ ¼hpeg S>¡hp A„N|W$pR>p` Dd¡v$hpf_¡ D`âdyM Q|„V¡$gp. sp¡ Äep¡S>® byi s¡d_u ^__u hN A_¡ r`sp_u hN s¡d S> qf`[ågL$_ `n_p dsv$pfp¡_u S>ÞdÅs hapv$pfu\u aphu Åe. X¡$dp¡¾¡$V$ dsv$pfp¡ qf`[ågL$_ dsv$pfp¡ S>¡V$gp hapv$pf _\u.

S>¡ Dd¡v$hpf Q|„V$php_p _\u s¡ `¡V$ byQp__ 61 hj_p qfap¡d® `pV$}_p Dd¡v$hpf R>¡. 196f\u 197` ky^u `ÓL$pf lsp. âdyM r_¼k_ A_¡ A_¡ âdyM ap¡X®$_p õ`uQ fpBV$f lsp. s¡ `R>u rk[ÞX$L¡$V¡$X$ L$p¡gd gMhu iê$ L$f¡gu. ku.A¡_.A¡_. V$uhudp„ L$pd L$ey¯ R>¡. `°dyM f¡N__u kfL$pfdp„ L$pd L$f¡gy„. 189fdp„ qf`[ågL$_ `n dpV¡$ b¡ hMs âdyM`v$_u âpf„qcL$ `k„v$Nudp„ _p`pk \ep `R>u qfap¡d® `pV$} Ecu L$f_pfp AbS>`rs fp¡k `¡fV$ hsu s¡ Ap hMs¡ Ecp R>¡. M|bS> gpeL$ ìe[¼s R>¡. `Z gpeL$ ìe[¼s ¼ep„ Q|„V$pe R>¡?

Ad¡qfL$p_p¡ sdpd byrÙd„s hN® S>¡_¡ `k„v$ L$f¡ R>¡ s¡ fpëa _pX$f âdyM`v$ dpV¡$ DÑd Dd¡v$hpf d_pe R>¡. _pX$f N°u_ `pV$}_p Dd¡v$hpf R>¡. 66 hj®_p fpëa _pX$f ku^pkpv$p R>¡. hj£ a¼s 16,000 X$p¡gf_p MQ®\u Æh_ r_cph¡ R>¡. râÞkV$_ A_¡ lph®X®$ eyr_hrk®V$u_p N°¡ÄeyA¡V$ rhÜp_ R>¡. 19`8_u kpg\u L$ÞÈeydf kyfnp d„X$m Qgph¡ R>¡. dp¡V$fL$pf_u kgpdsu, A`„N gp¡L$p¡_p l½$p¡, `¡Þi_fp¡_p l½$p¡ A_¡ dëV$u_¡i_g L„$`_uAp¡ ip¡jZ L$fsu lp¡e s¡_p D`f _S>f fpM_pfu k„õ\p Qgph¡ R>¡. `fÎep _\u. hp¡tiÁV$_dp„ fl¡ R>¡. iê$dp„ s¡dZ¡ i¡fbÅf_p¡ kË$p¡ L$fu_¡ AY$mL$ L$dpZu L$f¡gu. s¡ b^u L$dpZu kpdprS>L$ L$pddp„ hp`f¡ R>¡. 16,000 X$p¡gf_p¡ hprj®L$ MQ® L$ep® `R>u `¥kp h^¡ s¡ v$p_dp„ Ap`¡ R>¡.

s¡dZ¡ _hu V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ ^fphsu L„$`_u_p i¡fp¡dp„ `¥kp fp¡L¡$gp. Ars Þepe`|Z® ×rô$hpmp R>¡, `f„sy Ad¡qfL$p_p 43dp âdyM sfuL¡$ b^u fus¡ gpeL$ R>sp„ s¡ Q|„V$pe s¡hp QpÞk _\u. `f„sy X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_p ds `X$phu_¡ s¡ Ag Np¡f_¡ _yL$kp_ `lp¢QpX$u iL¡$ R>¡. Aphy„ _ \pe s¡ dpV¡$ Ag Np¡f_p V¡$L¡$v$pfp¡A¡ A¡L$ qV²$L$ L$fu R>¡. fpëa _pX$f_p V¡$L¡$v$pfp¡_¡ hQ_ Apàey„ R>¡ L¡$ fpëa _pX$f Aphsu Q„|V$Zudp„ Ecp fl¡ A_¡ s¡_¡ kfL$pf sfa\u Q|„V$ZuMQ® dm¡ s¡ dpV¡$ Ap hMs¡ Ly$g dsv$p_dp„\u `p„Q V$L$p dsv$p_ S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡V$gy„ dsv$p_ _pX$f dpV¡$ X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n "Np¡W$hu' Ap`i¡. s¡ D`f_y„ dsv$p_ Ag Np¡f_¡ L$fhp_y„. Aphu L$iuL$ Np¡W$hZ \C R>¡. Ad¡qfL$p_p Brslpkdp„ Ab°pld tgL$_ qf`[ågL$_ `n_p âdyM sfuL¡$ Q|„V$pep `R>u ApS> ky^udp„ X¡$dp¡¾¡$V$ A_¡ qf`[ågL$_ `n rkhpe_p Aqs byrÙipmu lp¡e sp¡ `Z L$p¡C Dd¡v$hpf Q|„V$pep _\u.

"^ Þeyep¡L®$f', "^ A¡V$gp[ÞV$L$' A_¡ buÅ byrÙd„sp¡_p„ kpdreL$p¡ Äep¡S>® byi_¡ Mp¡V$pbp¡gp A_¡ byrÙ hNf_p dp_¡ R>¡. `Z Ag Np¡f_¡ `Z Ähg„s dp_sp _\u. R>sp„ Ad¡qfL$p_u X¡$dp¡¾¡$ku dpV¡$ Ag Np¡f kpfp R>¡ s¡hy„ L$l¡ R>¡. kp¥\u dlÒh_u hps A¡ R>¡ L¡$ X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_p âdyM [¼gÞV$__p fpÄedp„ i¡fbÅf s¡S> flu, Ap¡R>pdp„ Ap¡R>u bS>¡V$Mp^ flu, b¡L$pfu Ap¡R>u \C, kd©rÙ h^u, kp¡ãV$h¡f V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ_¡ h¡N dþep¡. Apd R>sp„ X¡$dp¡¾¡$V$ `n_p Dd¡v$hpf (Ag Np¡f)A¡ iy„ L$pd `fk¡hp¡ hmu Åe s¡V$gu dl¡_s L$fhu `X¡$ R>¡?

Ap bsph¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ag Np¡fdp„ L„$CL$ M|V¡$ R>¡. R>sp„ S>Ns_u X¡$dp¡¾¡$ku dpV¡$ A_¡ Ad¡qfL$pdp„ qf`[ågL$ `n A¡L$lÕ\y kÑp cp¡Nhsp¡ DÙs `n _ b_¡ s¡ dpV¡$ Ag Np¡f Q|„V$php Å¡CA¡ s¡d byrÙd„sp¡ dp_¡ R>¡. L$pfZ L¡$ Ad¡qfL$_ L$p¢N°¡k, k¡_¡V$ A_¡ Ad¡qfL$_ L$p¡V$p£dp„ qf`[ågL$_ `n_p¡ âcph A_¡ blzdsu R>¡. A¡V$g¡ s¡ âcph_¡ sp¡X$hp A_¡ kÑp_u dp¡_p¡`p¡gu sp¡X$hp Ag Np¡f Q|„V$php S>ê$fu R>¡ s¡hy„ byrÙd„sp¡ dp_¡ R>¡.

skhufp¡ :
(1) X¡$dp¡¾¡$qV$L$ `n_p Dd¡v$hpf Ag Np¡f s¡d_p QplL$p¡ kp\¡
(2) qf`[ågL$_ `n_p Äep¡S>® byi Sy>r_ef
(3) 66 hj®_p fpëa _pX$f N°u_ `pV$}_p Dd¡v$hpf R>¡

Ap`_¡ Ap g¡M L$¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?