fpS>_ `V¡$g

\p¡X$p„ kde `l¡gp„ ApZ„v$_p Np¡v$pg Npd_p M¡X|$s fdZcpC dp\yfcpC `V¡$g_p M¡sfdp„ Apk`pk_p M¡X|$sp¡ L¡$mp„_p dbgL$ `pL$_¡ Å¡hp dpV¡$ V$p¡m¡ hþep lsp. kpdpÞe fus¡ R>p¡X$v$uW$ 20 qL$gp¡ L¡$mp„_p¡ `pL$ Esf¡ R>¡. kpfy„ M¡sf lp¡e sp¡ h^u_¡ 25 qL$gp¡ L¡$mp„ A¡L$ R>p¡X$dp„\u dmu iL¡$ R>¡, `f„sy fdZcpC `V¡$g_p M¡sfdp„ A¡L$ R>p¡X$dp„\u 73 qL$gp¡ S>¡V$gp„ L¡$mp„_p¡ `pL$ Esfsp¡ lsp¡. kpX$p ÓZ NÏ„ h^y DÐ`pv$_ d¡mhu Ap`su Ap _hu `Ùrs qV$õeyL$ëQf L¡$ ¼gp¡t_N_u R>¡.

qV$õeyL$ëQf\u L¡$mp„_u M¡su NyS>fpsdp„ h^y _¡ h^y gp¡L$râe \C flu R>¡. S>¡ `pL$_y„ bu fp¡`u_¡ `pL$ DNpX$psp¡ _\u s¡hp `pL$dp„ ¼gp¡t_N_u M¡su AÐe„s TX$`\u ApNm h^u flu R>¡. 1950\u 2000 ky^u_u lqfepmu ¾$p„rs\u L©$rj DÐ`pv$_ h^pfhpdp„ kfL$pf_u L©$rj eyr_hrk®V$u_p¡ apmp¡ lsp¡, `f„sy lh¡ `R>u_u qV$õey¾$p„rs Mp_Nu L„$`_uAp¡ A_¡ h¡`pfuAp¡_p L$pfZ¡ li¡.

NyS>fpsdp„ Mp_Nu L„$`_uAp¡ rS>_¡qV$L$ L©$rj n¡Ó¡ M|b TX$`\u ApNm h^u flu R>¡. A¡L$ kde A¡hp¡ lsp¡ L¡$ NyS>fps_p _pNqfL$p¡_¡ cph_Nf L¡$ hgkpX$_p„ L¡$mp„ `f S> Ap^pf fpMhp¡ `X$sp¡ lsp¡. S>¡_p dp¡V$p cpN_p R>p¡X$ dlpfpô²$_p S>gNp„h\u dNphhpdp„ Aphsp lsp, `f„sy lh¡ L¡$mp„_p¡ kp¥\u h^y `pL$ ApZ„v$, dl¡dv$pbpv$ A_¡ _qX$epv$dp„ \pe R>¡.

L¡$mp„_p L$p¡j gC_¡ s¡_p¡ DR>¡f ¼gp¡t_N L¡$ qV$õeyL$ëQf\u g¡bp¡f¡V$fudp„ \pe R>¡. buÆ fus¡ L$luA¡ sp¡ Ap `pL$_p¡ S>Þd g¡bp¡f¡V$fudp„ \pe R>¡ A_¡ N°u_ lpDkdp„ s¡_y„ bQ`Z `kpf \pe R>¡. qL$ip¡f Ahõ\p _¡V$ lpDkdp„ `kpf \pe R>¡ A_¡ eyhp_u M¡sfdp„ hus¡ R>¡.

ApS>¡ gpMp¡ R>p¡X$ g¡bp¡f¡V$fudp„ `¡v$p L$fu_¡ S>du_dp„ fp¡`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap L$pd dpÓ Mp_Nu L„$`_uAp¡ S> L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. L¡$qX$gp apdp®õeyqV$L$ëk Üpfp Adv$phpv$-dl¡dv$phpv$ hÃQ¡ lufp`yf Npddp„ 1990\u 40 A¡L$f_p apd®dp„ qV$õeyL$ëQf g¡bp¡f¡V$fu iê$ L$fhpdp„ Aphu R>¡. qV$õeyL$ëQf g¡bp¡f¡V$fudp„ 100 L$d®QpfuAp¡_p¡ õV$pa R>¡. Ap g¡bp¡f¡V$fudp„ hj£ 65 gpM qV$õey R>p¡X$ b_phu iL$hp_u ndsp R>¡. BTfpeg\u dNph¡gp L¡$mp„_p qV$õey Al] rhL$kphhpdp„ Apìep R>¡. N°pÞX$ _¡du A_¡ cud L¡$mp„_u Åsp¡ rhL$kphhp dpV¡$ 3 hj®\u Al] âeÐ_p¡ \sp lsp. Ap hj£ â\d hMs L¡$qX$gpA¡ L¡$mp„_p qV$õey_¡ bÅfdp„ h¡Qhp d|¼ep R>¡. Ap drl_p_p A„s ky^udp„ 6 gpM S>¡V$gp qV$õey R>p¡X$ h¡Qhp_p¡ gÿep„L$ _½$u \ep¡ R>¡. Sy>gpC_p dÝe cpN ky^udp„ L¡$m_p 4 gpM R>p¡X$ h¡QpC Nep R>¡.

Ap_p¡ dsgb A¡ \ep¡ L¡$ 870 huOp S>du_dp„ L¡$m_p V$uõey R>p¡X$\u AÐepf¡ ApZ„v$, _qX$epv$ A_¡ dl¡dv$phpv$dp„ M¡su \C flu R>¡. Np„W$ gNphu_¡ L¡$m_p¡ R>p¡X$ s¥epf L$fpsp¡ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ s¡dp„ 16 drl_¡ `pL s¥epf \pe R>¡, Äepf¡ qV$õey R>p¡X$ `f 11 drl_p A_¡ 15 qv$hkdp„ `pL$ s¥epf \C Åe R>¡. Apd M¡X|$s_p¡ 4 drl_p_p¡ kde bQu Åe R>¡. S>¡_p¡ D`ep¡N A¡ buÅ h^pfp_p¡ `pL$ g¡hp dpV¡$ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.

L¡$qX$gp_p A¡qN°L$ëQf Ar^L$pfu Asyg rdÑg L$l¡ R>¡, ""Np„W$_p R>p¡X$\u M¡X|$sp¡ A¡L$ A¡L$f¡ 15\u 20 lÅf_p¡ _ap¡ L$dpsp lsp, `f„sy qV$õey L$ëQf hX$¡ DÐ`_ \sp L¡$mp„_p `pL$_¡ L$pfZ¡ M¡X|$sp¡ 60\u 70 lÅf ê$r`ep_u L$dpZu L$fsp \ep R>¡.'' R>p¡X$v$uW$ 20\u 23 qL$gp¡ L¡$mp„ `pL$sp„ lsp„ s¡ lh¡ h^u_¡ 40\u 45 qL$gp¡ \ep„ R>¡. g¡bp¡f¡V$fu-N°u_ lpDkdp„ A¡L$ R>p¡X$ s¥epf L$fu_¡ M¡X|$sp¡_¡ ê$. 12_p cph¡ Ap`hpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡. Np„W$_p¡ `X$sf cph ê$. 6_u Apk`pk lp¡e R>¡, AÐepf ky^u$ L¡$mp„_u M¡su L$fsp NyS>fps_p M¡X|$sp¡ dlpfpô²$_p S>gNp„h\u Np„W$p¡ d¡mhu_¡ fp¡`Zu L$fsp lsp. L¡$mp„_y„ L$p¡C bu lp¡sy„ _\u s¡\u s¡_u Np„W$ fp¡`u_¡ R>p¡X$ DR>¡fhpdp„ Aph¡ R>¡.

NyS>fpsdp„ i¡fX$u, kpN, _ugqNqf s\p bp„by_p `pL$p¡ `Z ¼gp¡t_N\u d¡mhhpdp„ Aphu füp R>¡. M¡X|$sp¡dp„ Ap `Ùrs h^y gp¡L$râe \C flu R>¡, L$pfZ L¡$ R>p¡X$ A¡L$kfMp \pe R>¡, Ap¡R>p kdedp„ `pL$ s¥epf \C Åe R>¡ A_¡ fp¡NQpmp_p¡ ce fl¡sp¡ _\u.

NyS>fpsdp„ _p_p `pep `f NyS>fps õV¡$V$ aqV®$gpBTf L„$`_u `Z qV$õeyL$ëQf `f L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. D`fp„s i¡fX$u_p„ klL$pfu L$pfMp_p„Ap¡ `Z _p_p `pep `f qV$õey L$ëQf Ap^pqfs i¡fX$u_p R>p¡X$ `¡v$p L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡ dp¡V$¡ cpN¡ v$rnZ NyS>fpsdp„ h^y R>¡. NyS>fps blpf_u L¡$V$guL$ L„$`_uAp¡ `Z qV$õey L$ëQf L¡$ bpep¡V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ Ap^pqfs V¡$¼_p¡gp¡Æ M¡X|$sp¡_¡ `|fu `pX¡$ R>¡. S>¡dp„ Np¡v$f¡S> L„$`_u, S>¥_ BqfN¡i_, [õ`L$, BÞX$p¡ Ad¡qfL$_ L„$`_u hN¡f¡_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡. Ap n¡Ó¡ lh¡ rhv$¡i_u L„$`_uAp¡ `Z TX$`\u ApNm Aphu flu R>¡. fpÄe_p AÞe cpNp¡dp„ k_ A¡rN°rS>_¡qV$¼k L„$`_u L$pd L$f¡ R>¡. X$ped„X$ L©$rj, ky`f hN¡f¡ L„$`_uAp¡ `Z rS>_¡qV$¼k$ A¡[ÞS>r_eqf„N n¡Ó¡ L$pd L$fu flu R>¡.

1999 ky^u NyS>fps fpÄe kdN° rhðdp„ L¡$mp„_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ 13dp ¾$d¡ lsy„. lh¡ qV$õey L$ëQf `Ùrs Adgu b_sp„ 2001_u kpgdp„ L¡$mp„_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ NyS>fps â\d _„bf¡ li¡. Å¡L¡$ A¡L$ l¡¼V$fv$uW$ 56.40 d¡qV²$L$ V$_ L¡$mp„_y„ DÐ`pv$_ AÐepf¡ NyS>fpsdp„ \pe R>¡, S>¡ kdN° rhðdp„ kp¥\u h^y R>¡. qV$õey L$ëQf `Ùrs Adgu \sp„ S> Ap DÐ`pv$_ 100 d¡qV²$L$ V$_ ky^u `lp¢Qu S>i¡. AÐepf¡ cpfs_p L¡$mp„_p Ly$g DÐ`pv$_dp„ NyS>fps_p¡ rlõkp¡ 20 V$L$p R>¡. S>¡ ApNpdu kdedp„ 75 V$L$p ky^u `lp¢Qhp_u ^pfZp R>¡. cpfsdp„ L¡$mp„_p DÐ`pv$_dp„ NyS>fps buÅ ¾$d¡ R>¡. L¡$mp„_u h¡af b_phhp dpV¡$_y„ kp¥\u dp¡Vy$„ bÅf NyS>fpsdp„\u dmu iL¡$ s¡d R>¡.

qV$õeyL$ëQf `Ùrs\u `¡v$p \sp„ L¡$mp„_p¡ kp¥\u dp¡V$p¡ apev$p¡ A¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$mp„_¡ A¡L$ õ\m\u buÅ õ\m¡ gC S>hp lh¡ h^y kfm bÞep„ R>¡. L¡$m_u g|d Dspfu gu^p `R>u L¡$mp„_¡ `L$hsp„ \p¡X$p¡ h^y kde gpN¡ R>¡. lh¡ fpÄe_p„ b„v$fp¡ `f\u rhv¡$idp„ L¡$mp„_u r_L$pk h^y TX$`\u A_¡ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ \i¡. L¡$mp„_u h¡af b_phu_¡ kdN° cpfsdp„ A_¡ rhð_p L¡$V$gpL$ v¡$ip¡dp„ dp¡V$p âdpZdp„ r_L$pk L$fu NyS>fps_p M¡X|$sp¡ kd©Ù \C iL¡$ A¡d R>¡.

Ap g¡M Ap`_¡ L¡$hp¡ gpÁep¡?