Clarity on the roadmap necessary to assess its likely impact on near-term fiscal health and investment
FY17 Budget is expected to include a roadmap on corporate tax reduction and exemption rationalisation. Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in his 2015 Budget speech announced the government's intention to rationalise exemptions and reduce the corporate tax rate to 25 per cent from 30 per cent in FY17-FY20.
The tax department published a draft proposal on this in November 2015. A concrete roadmap, with a defined timeline, will be announced in the February 29, 2016 budget speech. Such a reform is necessary as the current tax framework is complicated.
Distortionary effects of the current complicated corporate tax structure
India is perceived to be a high tax levying country. The basic corporate tax rate is 30 per cent, but the government’s realised tax rates are much lower at 23 per cent (Figure1) because of a range of exemptions. These exemptions and incentives, besides complicating the tax structure, favour larger, profitable companies.
The current structure has also led to multiple litigations, worth over Rs 5 trillion ($80bn) as of September 2014, resulting in high tax administration costs.
The likely impact on the fiscal deficit and investment
We will watch whether the roadmap addresses two issues. First, the government intends to make this exercise revenue-neutral for the fiscal deficit.
However, the fiscal constraints it faces are challenging, and we would need to see whether this objective is achieved over the medium term or annually (see On the Ground, 16 February 2016, ‘India – All eyes on the budget’). We estimate tax loss of Rs 50-60 bn in FY17 (starting April 2016) on a 1 per cent cut in the corporate tax rate.
Second, the government needs to strike a balance between simplifying the tax structure and phasing out exemptions, so as to have a minimal adverse impact on investment. If industry perceives the rationalisation of incentives/exemptions as another headwind to investment/exports, it could negatively affect sentiment in the near term.
Corporate tax rationalisation is a much needed reform
In today’s globalised economy, a country’s tax structure is an important factor in the ease of doing business with it.
Many countries have therefore reformed their tax frameworks in recent years, focusing on rationalising tax rates and limiting exemptions and incentives, to become more competitive. Exemptions and incentives entail significant economic cost, as they could lead to
(a) Inefficient allocation of resources between investments that are granted incentives and those that are not,
(b) A higher tax rate than needed if all firms were subject to the same tax regulations, and
(c) Higher administrative and monitoring costs
While the cost of exemptions and incentives could be substantial, the economic benefits that accrue solely due to tax incentives are less clear and not easily quantifiable. Hence, the cost-effectiveness of tax incentives is often questioned.
Exemptions distort corporate tax structure to favour large companies
- The government’s current effective tax rate is 23.22 per cent, much less than the weighted base rate of 33.2 per cent due to exemptions. The weighted base rate includes a basic tax rate of 30 per cent, a surcharge and an education cess.
- About 0.6mn companies filed income tax returns and paid Rs 2.6tn ($ 42bn) in taxes in FY14, according to government data.
- However, they also claimed substantial exemptions worth Rs 950bn ($ 15bn) that year, according to government estimates.
- Current tax incentives favour larger, profitable companies. For example, the effective tax rate in FY14 for companies with profits more than Rs 5bn ($ 80mn) was 20.7 per cent, much lower than the average tax rate of 26.9 per cent for smaller companies with profits less than Rs 10mn ($ 0.16mn) (Figure 2).
- 55 per cent of the exemptions were primarily classified as (1) accelerated depreciation (38 per cent) and (2) deduction of export profits of units located in Special Economic Zones (SEZs; 17 per cent) (Figure 3).
- The manufacturing sector currently pays an effective tax rate of 22.0 per cent, while the services sector pays an average tax rate of 24.3 per cent.
Burgeoning tax litigations are another concern
Complicated tax laws due to these various exemptions have resulted in a large number of litigations. More than Rs 5tn ($ 80bn) was locked in litigations at various stages as of the quarter ending September 2014, according to a report filed by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and the annual report of the Ministry of Finance.
About 35 per cent of this is currently with the judiciary; the rest is held under appeals to the Commissioner of Income Tax.
Text, courtesy: Standard Chartered Global research
